Cambridge University Press, 2006. Aligned to the Global History and Geography II exam, administered June 2019 onwards. Ottoman Empire Pre-1600: SQ 1. The Hungarian king Matthias Corvinus (ruled 145890) was interested mainly in establishing his rule over Bohemia and agreed to peace with the Ottomans (1484), and, after his death, struggles for succession left that front relatively quiet for the remainder of Bayezids reign. Equal taxes were established around the empire so that all subjects could fulfill their obligations to the government without the kind of disruption and dissatisfaction that had characterized the previous regime. The Ottoman capital was moved to Adrianople Edirne in 1369. Unit 3: Empires Expand & Maintain Power - Ottoman Case Study Todays Inquiry Questions How and why did the Ottoman Empire develop and expand from 1450 to 1750? How did the Ottoman Empire and Ming Dynasty gain, consolidate and maintain their power? The suzerain states the Principality of Serbia, Wallachia, Moldavia and Montenegro moved towards de jure independence during the 1860s and 1870s. [43], This long period of Ottoman peace and, indeed, stagnation is typically characterized by historians as an era of failed reforms. Islam under the Ottoman Empire and Neo-Confucianism under the Ming Dynasty influenced the political, economic, military, and diplomatic interactions with others outside of their realm. Through these resources, students willwill map the extent of the Ottoman Empire,analyze how the ethnic and religious compositions of the Ottoman Empire were reflected in their political and societal organizations, and examine how the Ottomans interacted with Europeans noting the role of Suleiman the Magnificent. "Weary of Modern Fictions, Turks Glory in Splendor of Ottoman Past", Learn how and when to remove these template messages, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Government of the Turkish Grand National Assembly in Ankara, Ottoman capture of Venetian-controlled Cyprus, introducing citations to additional sources, a series of Ottoman-Portuguese naval wars, Decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire, Rise of nationalism under the Ottoman Empire, establishment of the Turkish national movement, Territorial evolution of the Ottoman Empire. [62] In 1911, of the 654 wholesale companies in Istanbul, 528 were owned by ethnic Greeks.[62]. These efforts, however, were hampered by reactionary movements, partly from the religious leadership, but primarily from the Janissary corps, who had become anarchic and ineffectual. The Ottomans first crossed into Europe in 1352, establishing a permanent settlement at impe Castle on the Dardanelles in 1354 and moving their capital to Edirne (Adrianople) in 1369. That new regular army developed the techniques of battle and siege that were used to achieve most of the 14th-century Ottoman conquests, but, because it was commanded by members of the Turkish notable class, it became the major vehicle for their rise to predominance over the sultans, whose direct military supporters were limited to the vassal contingents. Austria gained a great deal of territory, which angered the South Slavs, and led to decades of tensions in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Only two Sultans in this period personally exercised strong political and military control of the Empire: the vigorous Murad IV (16121640) recaptured Yerevan (1635) and Baghdad (1639) from the Safavids and reasserted central authority, albeit during a brief majority reign. In Turkey, Osman was known as "the last Ottoman".[101]. In the wake of the Russo-Turkish War (18771878) that ended with a decisive victory for Russia and her Orthodox Christian allies (subjects of the Ottoman Empire before the war) in the Balkan Peninsula, the urgent need was to stabilise and reorganise the Balkans, and set up new nations. The Congress of Berlin returned to the Ottoman Empire territories that the previous treaty had given to the Principality of Bulgaria, most notably Macedonia, thus setting up a strong revanchist demand in Bulgaria that in 1912 led to the First Balkan War in which the Turks were defeated and lost nearly all of Europe. [62] In 1861, there were 571 primary and 94 secondary schools for Ottoman Christians with 140,000 pupils in total, a figure that vastly exceeded the number of Muslim children in school at the same time, who were further hindered by the amount of time spent learning Arabic and Islamic theology. On land, the Empire was preoccupied by military campaigns in Austria and Persia, two widely separated theatres of war. 4. [88][89][90] Through forced marches and gang skirmishes, the Armenians living in eastern Anatolia were uprooted from their ancestral homelands and sent southwards to the Ottoman provinces in Syria and Mesopotamia. Explain how the land-based empires of the 1450-1750 time period developed (what allowed them to obtain and maintain power): Click the card to flip . It also reflected the difficulties imposed on the Empire by the need to support two separate fronts: one against the Austrians (see: Ottoman wars in Europe), and the other against a rival Islamic state, the Safavids of Persia (see: Ottoman wars in Near East). 9.6 SQ 7 What are the strengths and limitations of the Turkish Letters as a reliable source for understanding how outsiders viewed the Ottoman Empire? In 1856, the Hatt- Hmayun promised equality for all Ottoman citizens regardless of their ethnicity and religious confession; which thus widened the scope of the 1839 Hatt- erif of Glhane. [45] Not until 1754 was the artillery school reopened on a semi-secret basis. Suleiman the Magnificent was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire and Caliph of Islam from 1520 to 1566. Webdid for a living. Volume 2: Suraiya N. Faroqhi and Kate Fleet eds., "The Ottoman Empire as a World Power, 14531603." In 1804 the Serbian Revolution against Ottoman rule erupted in the Balkans, running in parallel with the Napoleonic invasion. CONCEPTUAL UNDERSTANDING:Interregional travelers, traders, missionaries, and nomads carried products and natural resources, and brought with them enslaved people and ideas that led to cultural diffusion. [36] For the first time, the Ottoman Empire surrendered control of significant European territories (many permanently), including Ottoman Hungary. [50][51] In 1821, the Greeks declared war on the Sultan. He was quoted as saying that "democracy works well in Turkey. The boys were put into units The form of government does not quite have an equivalent in the Western world nor english. The most accurate you could describe it as would be an I How did the Ottoman Empire, as led by Suleiman the Magnificent, gain, consolidate, and maintain power? It was one of the first "modern" wars, as it introduced new technologies to warfare, such as the first tactical use of railways and the telegraph. The reign of Mehmed IIs immediate successor, Bayezid II (14811512), was largely a period of rest. CONTENT SPECIFICATION:Students will examine the travels of Zheng He, Ibn Battuta, and Marco Polo and the influence of their journeys. a territory over which control is exercised. However, most of the participants were not fully satisfied, and grievances regarding the results festered until they exploded into world war in 1914. Although Russia had been victorious in the war that occasioned the conference, it was humiliated at Berlin, and resented its treatment. A rebellion that originated in Moldavia as a diversion was followed by the main revolution in the Peloponnese, which, along with the northern part of the Gulf of Corinth, became the first parts of the Ottoman empire to achieve independence (in 1829). The Ottoman Empire in the Long Sixteenth Century,, This page was last edited on 16 January 2023, at 18:41. The Forbidden City and the Topkapi Palace served as representations of imperial might, bringing the richness and power of their respective empires into the actual world. During this period, the empire faced challenges in defending itself against foreign invasion and occupation. That war was inconclusive, however, and Bayezids disinclination to commit major forces to the endeavour led to dissension and criticism on the part of his more militant followers. In 1734, when an artillery school was established with French teachers in order to impart Western-style artillery methods, the Islamic clergy successfully objected under the grounds of theodicy. Many Ottoman Turks questioned whether the policies of the state were to blame: some felt that the sources of ethnic conflict were external, and unrelated to issues of governance. [16][17], After further advances by the Turks in 1543, the Habsburg ruler Ferdinand officially recognized Ottoman ascendancy in Hungary in 1547. 2023 New Visions for Public Schoolsbuilt by blenderbox. Memoirs of Miliutin, "the plan of action decided upon for 1860 was to cleanse [ochistit'] the mountain zone of its indigenous population", per Richmond, W. By the early 19th century, as many as 45% of the islanders may have been Muslim. One of the beyliks was led by Osman I (d. 1323/4), from which the name Ottoman is derived, son of Erturul, around Eskiehir in western Anatolia. It lost its Balkan territories except East Thrace and the historic Ottoman capital city of Adrianople during the war. However following the Treaty of Belgrade, the Ottoman Empire was able to enjoy a generation of peace as Austria and Russia were forced to deal with the rise of the Prussians under King Frederick the Great. ahin, Kaya. [25] The Ottoman naval recovery persuaded Venice to sign a peace treaty in 1573, and the Ottomans were able to expand and consolidate their position in North Africa. Harun Osmanolu, the 3rd generation grandson of Abdul Hamid II, is the eldest living member of the former ruling dynasty. France and the Ottoman Empire, united by mutual opposition to Habsburg rule in both Southern and Central Europe, became strong allies during this period. Western European states began to avoid the Ottoman trade monopoly by establishing their own maritime routes to Asia through new discoveries at sea. A highly ambitious plan to counter this conceived by Sokollu Mehmed Pasha, Grand Vizier under Selim II, in the shape of a Don-Volga canal (begun June 1569), combined with an attack on Astrakhan, failed, the canal being abandoned with the onset of winter. In reaction to the orthodox Muslim establishment, the nomads developed a fanatical attachment to the leaders of the Sufi and Shii mystic orders. From 1699 onwards, the Ottoman Empire began to lose territory over the course of the next two centuries due to internal stagnation, costly defensive wars, European colonialism, and nationalist revolts among its multiethnic subjects. The strain of these conflicts on the Empire's resources, and the logistics of maintaining lines of supply and communication across such vast distances, ultimately rendered its sea efforts unsustainable and unsuccessful. His heir-apparent, Abdlhamid II (18761909), was invited to assume power on the condition that he would declare a constitutional monarchy, which he did on 23 November 1876. CONTENT SPECIFICATION:Students will identify trade networks involved in the exchange of enslaved people and explore the nature of slavery during this time period. | 1 Map of Ottoman How did the Ming Dynasty interact with European traders and Christian missionaries? With most of the Balkans under Ottoman rule by the mid-16th century, Ottoman territory increased exponentially under Sultan Selim I, who assumed the Caliphate in 1517 as the Ottomans turned east and conquered western Arabia, Egypt, Mesopotamia and the Levant, among other territories. [4] During his reign as Sultan, Osman I extended the frontiers of Turkish settlement toward the edge of the Byzantine Empire. CONCEPTUAL UNDERSTANDING:Afro-Eurasian transregional trade networks grew across land and bodies of water. What impact did Neo-Confucianism have on Ming and Qing China? By the end of Suleiman's reign, the Empire's population totaled about 15,000,000 people.[18]. The Ottomans maintained power over their empire through religious beliefs, a system to accommodate non-Muslim citizens, firm responses to rebellious Advertisement. The Treaty of Belgrade signed on 18 September 1739, ended this war and resulted in Ottoman recovery of Belgrade and other territories from Austria, but the loss of the port of Azov to the Russians. Volume 3: Suraiya N. Faroqhi ed., "The Later Ottoman Empire, 16031839." Finally, the Ottoman Empire was weakened After you fill out the form, you will receive notification that you have been added to a Google Group called "New Visions Social Studies Assessments Access." On the eve of World War II, the geographical position and the geopolitical weight of Turkey, the major historical heir to the Ottoman Empire, gave weight to the issues as propaganda. The first Ottoman army had been composed entirely of Turkmen nomads, who had remained largely under the command of the religious orders that had converted most of them to Islam. They settled particularly in Istanbul, Salonika (present-day Thessalonki, Greece), and Edirne, where they joined their coreligionists in a golden age of Ottoman Jewry that lasted well into the 17th century, when Ottoman decline and the rising power of European diplomats and merchants enabled them to promote the interests of the sultans Christian subjects at the expense of Muslims and Jews alike. How did the Ottoman Empire, as led by Suleiman the Magnificent, gain, consolidate, and maintain power? Throughout the rest of the 1500s and into the 1600s and 1700s, the Ottoman Empire began a considerable decline in power after several military defeats. SQ 1. The Christian millets gained privileges, such as in the Armenian National Constitution of 1863. [citation needed]. The capture of Bayezid I threw the Turks into disorder. The introduction of increased cultural rights, civil liberties and a parliamentary system during the Tanzimat proved too late to reverse the nationalistic and secessionist trends that had already been set in motion since the early 19th century. The Tanzimat reforms did not halt the rise of nationalism in the Danubian Principalities and the Principality of Serbia, which had been semi-independent for almost six decades. Students contextualize the event, discuss its significance and think about related enduring issues. In addition, in order to man the new force, Murad developed the devirme system of recruiting the best Christian youths from southeastern Europe. The overriding military need for defence on the western and eastern frontiers of the Empire eventually made effective long-term engagement on a global scale impossible. Ottoman Empire Pre-1600: SQ 6. Murad based the new force on his right to a fifth of the war booty, which he interpreted to include captives taken in battle. Osman for many years refused to carry a Turkish passport, calling himself a citizen of the Ottoman Empire. [70] By the time the Ottoman Empire came to an end in 1922, half of the urban population of Turkey was descended from Muslim refugees from Russia. SQ 3. at its height this empire stretched from Hungary to Arabia and Mesopotamia and North Africa. The Turkmen nomads resisted the efforts of the Ottomans to expand their administrative control to all parts of the empire. This course map provides the scope and sequence and structure of units in the New Visions Global I History Curriculum. To replace the nomads, Orhan organized a separate standing army of hired mercenaries paid by salary rather than booty or by timar estates. In addition, once he had established his state, he had found it difficult to maintain order with such an army because the nomads still preferred to maintain themselves by looting, in the lands of their commander as well as in those of the enemy. [14][15] In the other version of the story, the city's commander, Nikola Jurii, was offered terms for a nominal surrender. Verb. They aided the Ottoman army to repel and take down enemy forces and maintain power in the empire. In structural dissociation, it is explained that everyone comes into the world in states of alter ego's. Suleiman I's policy of expansion throughout the Mediterranean basin was however halted in Malta in 1565. New conquests extended its domain well into central Europe and throughout the Arab portion of the old Islamic caliphate, and a new amalgam of political, religious, social, and economic organizations and traditions was institutionalized and developed into a living, working whole. The Ottoman victory at Kosovo in 1389 effectively marked the end of Serbian power in the region, paving the way for Ottoman expansion into Europe. Domain. But, when Bayezid I abandoned the ghazi tradition and moved into Anatolia, he lost the support of the Turkish notables and their sipahis before his new kapkulu army was fully established. Another institution was the newly formed Armenian National Assembly. 9.6 SQ 9 What were the historical circumstances for the founding of the Ming Dynasty? These networks of exchange influenced the economic and political development of states and empires. In April 1882, British and French warships appeared in Alexandria to support the khedive and prevent the country from falling into the hands of anti-European nationals. When the Ottoman Empire was restored under Sultan Mehmed I, the Turkish notables, in order to deprive the sultan of the only military force he could use to resist their control, required him to abandon the kapkulu, justifying the action on the basis of the Islamic tradition that Muslims could not be kept in slavery. CONTENT SPECIFICATION:Students will identify and explain the importance of at least two key resources and/or products and/or luxury items vital to exchanges along the Indian Ocean complex, Mediterranean Sea complex, Silk Roads, and Trans-Saharan routes. This resulted in a relaxation of recruitment policy and a significant growth in Janissary corps numbers. Cultural works, fine arts and architecture flourished, with more elaborate styles that were influenced by the Baroque and Rococo movements in Europe. Janissaries. The railway was not actually built at this time but its prospect worried the British until that issue was resolved in 1914. The salaried Janissary corps remained the primary source of strength of the devirme class, whereas the sipahis and the timar system remained the bases of power of the Turkish notables. The Ottomans thus controlled the major entrepts of northern European trade with the Black Sea and Mediterranean. You will need to provide your official school email address AND a Google email address. Suzerainty of Serbia as a hereditary monarchy under its own dynasty was acknowledged de jure in 1830. The empire's First Constitutional era, was short-lived. The Empire lost the Balkan Wars (191213). The expansion of Muscovite Russia under Ivan IV (15331584) into the Volga and Caspian region at the expense of the Tatar khanates disrupted the northern pilgrimage and trade routes. In the meantime, however, the threat that Cem might lead a foreign attack compelled Bayezid to concentrate on internal consolidation. These resources provide students with an opportunity to synthesize what they learned in the unit before completing the End of Unit Assessment. Because those advances conflicted with the ambitions of Poland, in 148384 war ensued, until the diversion of Poland by the threat of Muscovy under Ivan III the Great left that front quiet also after 1484. Bayezid also hoped to conquer the last Venetian ports in the Morea to establish bases for complete Ottoman naval control of the eastern Mediterranean. The Second Constitutional Era began after the Young Turk Revolution (3 July 1908) with the sultan's announcement of the restoration of the 1876 constitution and the reconvening of the Ottoman Parliament. The gradual weakening of the Ottoman Empire gave rise to the Eastern Question in the mid-19th century. There the Safavids focused on spreading Shiism as a means of gaining the loyalty of the Persians to a dynasty dominated by Turkmen warriors. When the Ottomans conquered Constantinople (present-day Istanbul), it began its ascent into the most feared Muslim power. In 1517, the Ottoman Empi By this time, the Ottoman Empire was a significant and accepted part of the European political sphere. You are required to cite one or two related concepts or content from the textbook before analyzing the case. Overall, the Tanzimat reforms had far-reaching effects. Later, in the 18th century, centralized authority within the Ottoman Empire gave way to varying degrees of provincial autonomy enjoyed by local governors and leaders. In the foundation myth expressed in the story known as "Osman's Dream", the young Osman was inspired to conquest by a prescient vision of empire (according to his dream, the empire is a big tree whose roots spread through three continents and whose branches cover the sky). The Empire prospered under the rule of a line of committed and effective Sultans. How did the Ottoman Empire, as led by Suleiman the Magnificent, gain, consolidate, and maintain power? This continued under his son and successor Kprl Fazl Ahmed (Grand Vizier 16611676). Where did the Ming Dynasty rule? Venice had been encouraging revolts against the sultan in the Morea (Peloponnese) and in Dalmatia and Albania, which it had ceded to the Ottomans in 1479. Though Bayezid preferred to maintain peacein order to have the time and resources to concentrate on internal developmenthe was forced into a number of campaigns by the exigencies of the period and the demands of his more militant devirme followers. SQ 2 What was the historical context for the founding of the Ottoman Empire? In 1726, Ibrahim Muteferrika convinced the Grand Vizier Nevehirli Damat brahim Pasha, the Grand Mufti, and the clergy on the efficiency of the printing press, and later submitted a request to Sultan Ahmed III, who granted Muteferrika the permission to publish non-religious books (despite opposition from some calligraphers and religious leaders. As those men entered his service, they were converted to Islam and trained as Ottomans, gaining the knowledge and experience required for service in the government as well as the army, while remaining in the sultans personal service. SQ 12. Who was Zheng He? The Crimean Khanate continued to invade Eastern Europe in a series of slave raids,[23] and remained a significant power in Eastern Europe and a threat to Muscovite Russia in particular until the end of the 17th century. Through these resources, students willmap the extent of the Ming Dynasty, examine the methods used by the Ming to gain, consolidate, and maintain power, and examine the travels of Zheng He andMing interactions with European traders and Christian missionaries. CONCEPTUAL UNDERSTANDING:The Ottoman Empire and the Ming Dynasty had different views of the world and their place in it. WebThis leads to DID placed as the highest on the severity spectrum of PTSD. The son of Murad II, Mehmed the Conqueror, reorganized the state and the military, and demonstrated his martial prowess by capturing Constantinople on 29 May 1453, at the age of 21. Particularly important was the establishment of the avriz- divaniye (war chest) tax, which provided for the extraordinary expenditures of war without special confiscations or heavy levies. There the old conflict resumed between the autonomous, uncivilized nomads and the stable, settled Middle Eastern civilization of the Ottomans. To conclude, the most significant reason for the decline of the Ottoman Empire was the decline of the armed forces as during the rising era, the military army of the Ottoman very popular with their power and strategies to defeat their rivalling. In 1974, descendants of the dynasty were granted the right to acquire Turkish citizenship by the Grand National Assembly, and were notified that they could apply. Predict At the height of its power, the Ottoman Empire under Suleiman (1520-1566) controlled a large territory inEurope, Africa, and Asia. Murad I did rise to the power of the Ottoman Empire in 1362. [10] This conquest ended with the execution of Tuman Bay II. Where did the Ming Dynasty rule? France, on its part, occupied Tunisia in 1881. Totten, Samuel, Paul Robert Bartrop, Steven L. Jacobs (eds. Those nomadic troops had predominated through Orhans reign, until he saw that such undisciplined cavalrymen were of limited use in besieging and taking large cities. [83] Armenian militants seized the Ottoman Bank headquarters in Istanbul in 1896 to bring European attention to the massacres, but they failed to gain any help. What was the ethnic and religious composition of the Ottoman Empire? Under Selim and Suleiman the Magnificent, the Empire became a dominant naval force, controlling much of the Mediterranean. The empire ceased to enter conflicts on its own and began to forge alliances with European countries such as France, the Netherlands, Britain and Russia. The economic stringencies imposed to finance Mehmed IIs campaigns had led during the final year of his reign to a virtual civil war between the major factions in Istanbul, the devirme party and the Turkish aristocracy. You will only need to fill the formout once to gain access to all of the assessments and teacher materials in the curriculum. The Janissaries not being Muslim had loyalty Selim's successor, Suleiman the Magnificent (15201566), further expanded upon Selim's conquests. WebThe 600+ year history of the Ottoman Empire had many wars, diplomatic power struggles with a host of opponents ranging from the rump of the Roman Empire, The Persian Ottoman military reform efforts begin with Selim III (17891807) who made the first major attempts to modernize the army along European lines. In return for British Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli's advocacy for restoring the Ottoman territories on the Balkan Peninsula during the Congress of Berlin, Britain assumed the administration of Cyprus in 1878[75] and later sent troops to Egypt in 1882 with the pretext of helping the Ottoman government to put down the Urabi Revolt; effectively gaining control in both territories (Britain formally annexed the still nominally Ottoman territories of Cyprus and Egypt on 5 November 1914, in response to the Ottoman Empire's decision to enter World War I on the side of the Central Powers.) After taking Constantinople, Mehmed met with the Orthodox patriarch, Gennadios and worked out an arrangement in which the Eastern Orthodox Church, in exchange for being able to maintain its autonomy and land, accepted Ottoman authority. Dissociative identity disorder (DID), formerly called multiple personality disorder, is a condition that is characterized by the presence of at least two clear personality/self states, called alters, which may have different reactions, emotions, and body functioning. Roman Emperor.) [37] The Empire had reached the end of its ability to effectively conduct an assertive, expansionist policy against its European rivals and it was to be forced from this point to adopt an essentially defensive strategy within this theatre. In August 1882 British forces invaded and occupied Egypt on the pretext of bringing order. The value of the coinage was restored, and Mehmed IIs plans for economic expansion were at last brought to fruition. Osman's son, Orhan, captured the city of Bursa in 1326 and made it the new capital of the Ottoman state. The remaining CUP members, who now took a more dominantly nationalist tone in the face of the enmity of the Balkan Wars, dueled Freedom and Accord in a series of power reversals, which ultimately led to the CUP (specifically its leadership, the "Three Pashas") seizing power from the Freedom and Accord in the 1913 Ottoman coup d'tat and establishing total dominance over Ottoman politics until the end of World War I. Profiting from the civil strife, Austria-Hungary officially annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1908, but pulled its troops out of the Sanjak of Novi Pazar, another contested region between the Austrians and Ottomans, to avoid a war. The Sultanate of women (15331656) was a period in which the political influence of the Imperial Harem was dominant, as the mothers of young sultans exercised power on behalf of their sons. 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As `` the Later Ottoman Empire gave rise to the power of the former ruling Dynasty of Ottoman how the... Growth in Janissary corps numbers bases for complete Ottoman naval control of the Ottomans conquered (. Serbia, Wallachia, Moldavia and Montenegro moved towards de jure in 1830 parts of the.... Refused to carry a Turkish passport, calling himself a citizen of the Ottoman?..., Suleiman the Magnificent, gain, consolidate, and maintain their power Bay II forces and maintain power calling! And accepted part of the Ottoman Empire historical context for the founding the. Two widely separated theatres of war Western world nor english 3: Suraiya N. Faroqhi and Fleet! Two widely separated theatres of war complete Ottoman naval control of the Sufi and Shii orders... This conquest ended with the Napoleonic invasion prospered under the rule of a line of committed and effective Sultans historic... What were the historical context for the founding of the coinage was restored, and Polo! And made it the new Visions Global I History Curriculum Ottoman how did the Ottoman trade monopoly establishing.: the Ottoman Empire, as led by Suleiman the Magnificent,,... Volume 3: Suraiya N. Faroqhi and Kate Fleet eds., `` the last Ottoman ''. [ 101....

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