The long-term minimum temperature has shown an increasing trend, which is significantly increasing at 5 and 10% levels of significance in four stations and one station out of seven, respectively. Extreme precipitation and streamflow events are expected to become more frequent. The details of these stations have already been presented in Table2. The future climate also shows a continuing positive trend in the temperature extreme indices as well as more frequent extreme rainfall events. Others have focused on specific topics, particularly climate change and its effects (Fazzini et al. In administrative terms, it is located in Basona Worena District, in the North Showa zone of Amhara regional state (Figure1), situated 180 km northeast of the capital city, Addis Ababa. The temporal variabilities of rainfall are characterized by;i. However, studies focusing on Zambia are still limited and future climate variability is poorly understood. All these coping and adaptation mechanisms are important at the local level in order to increase the resilience of communities and ecosystems to the variability and irregularity of climatic shocks (Abramovitz et al. 2013). In line with the study by Wu et al. Barley and wheat production show considerably high correlation with rainfall during the months of May and June. The wetness of this region is particularly due to the prepotency of moist aircurrents of equatorial Westerlies called the Guinea Monsoons. To encompass the system, it needsan understanding of the position of Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITC), pressure cells, andTrade Winds. Autumn (September, October and November)Autumnis the season of the year between summer and winter. They are limited to the lowlands in the peripheries.Away from the peripheries the land begins to rise gradually and considerably, culminating inpeaks in various parts of the country. The interpretation of the PCI value, as suggested by Oliver (1980), is shown in Table1. In Ethiopia, as in allplaces in the tropics, the air is frost free and changes in solar angles are small making intensesolar radiation. 2015). During this time, thecentral highlands, southeastern highlands and lowlands receives rainfall as the south easterliesbring moist winds. Understanding projections of extreme precipitation is part of a resilient response to its impacts. Therefore, exploring spatial analysis has a significant role in understanding the local as well as the regional climatic pattern (Boyles & Raman 2003). (2011), rainfall dependent agriculture, particularly in developing countries, is highly susceptible and vulnerable to increases in temperature and hence the decrease in rainfall adversely affects crop production. The intensity and trend of climatic variability of the study watershed during the last decades matches with the country- and global-level conditions; it is a cause for drastic changes in various hydrological parameters (i.e. According to, In the process of determining the trend magnitude and variability of rainfall and temperature throughout long-term time series, Sen's slope estimators was a widely used method (. The region experiences most of its rain during summer (kiremt), while some placesalso receive spring (Belg) rain. It has been predicted that climate change decreases the GDP growth of the country by between 0.5 and 2.5% in each year unless climatic shock and variability resilient mechanisms are considered (McSweeney et al. 3.1 Spatial distribution of rainfall in Ethiopia. Throughout the year, 1,160 mm (46 in) of rain fall, with a maximum from June to September, which is the only remarkably rainy period. The spatiotemporal rainfall and temperature distribution are presented in Figures4 and 5 respectively. In line with Rashid et al. Most of the studies about rainfall and temperature characteristics are limited by short-term and long-term time series available for most parts of the regions. 2014). s u m m a r y Due to global warming the climate of central Chile is expected to experience dramatic changes in the 21st century including declining precipitation, earlier streamflow peaks, and a greater proportion of precipitation falling as rain. Winter rainfall regionThis rainfall region receives rain from the northeasterly winds. Tmean, the mean annual temperature; Tmin, minimum annual temperature; Tmax, maximum annual temperature. On the other hand, 19 years (54.3%) recorded more than the annual average rainfall. Figure5 shows the spatiotemporal distribution of mean annual, minimum and maximum temperatures of the Beressa watershed. It is a rainfall region in the southwestern partof the country. It builds on, among others, on the recommendations of the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, but a substantial amount of information that became available afterwards has also been included.While this study is not meant to be a comprehensive overview of all aspects of climate change impact on the RMs economy it does reflect the breadth and depth of researches that had been done in the RM to date, and it provides a link between a global phenomenon and the sectors development issues facing the country. Observed Data The magnitude of the decreasing trend was found to be 0.06 mm/year and 7.50% in GIN station, 0.05 mm/year and 8.80% at SD station, 0.11 mm/year and 12.70% at HG station, 0.13 mm/year and 29.00% change at SH station, 0.19 mm/year and 53.00% at DB station, 0.19 mm/year and 35.00% and 0.20 mm/year and 56.40% change at DBS station. After visual identification of the outliers, each of the values was obtained using a normal ratio technique. It is vital to link physical data analysis with endogenous knowledge and practices of farmers to strengthen their adaptive capacity. As a result, they cover different past and future time periods, and information is presented at different levels of regional aggregation. 2012). Therefore, it can be concluded that during the last 35 years there have been continuous changes and variations of climatic variables in the watershed. Climatic variability in the past has been increasing and from the trends suggested in different studies, may further increase in the near future, putting urgent emphasis on how the community perceives the extent of climate change in order to design coping and adaptation strategies (Belay et al. This is probably due to the fluctuation and variability of the seasonal and inter-annual rainfall pattern of the Beressa watershed during the last few decades, as indicated in Table3, which is similar to other studies (Muhire & Ahmed 2015; Zhao et al. Part II: Evaluation of Historical Simulations of Intraseasonal to Decadal Variability, Modeling Potential Impacts of Climate Change on Streamflow Using Projections of the 5th Assessment Report for the Bernam River Basin, Malaysia, Future Changes in Water Supply and Demand for Las Vegas Valley: A System Dynamic Approach based on CMIP3 and CMIP5 Climate Projections, Differentiating Snow and Glacier Melt Contribution to Runoff in the Gilgit River Basin via Degree-Day Modelling Approach, Performance Evaluation and Comparison of Satellite-Derived Rainfall Datasets over the Ziway Lake Basin, Ethiopia, Effect of projected climate change on potential evapotranspiration in the semiarid region of central India, Simulating Streamflow in Response to Climate Change in The Upper Ewaso Ngiro Catchment, Kenya. However, after 1999 and onwards, recovery in the long-term average rainfall emerged higher than the average mean, except for the drier conditions in 2002 and 2013 which were lower than the long-term mean. Although there is a positive trend in the annual total rainfall, the number of consecutive wet (dry) days decreases (increases). Therefore, the projected rainfall and temperature have been corrected for biases by using empirical Quantile Mapping. The guidelines for interpretation are presented in Table1. Besides the high level of temperature variability, the overall average temperature of the area has significantly increased throughout the years. Among 38 studies, only eight studies assessed the association of VBDs with climatic variables. The location of Ethiopia at close proximity to equator, a zone of maximum insolation,resulted for every part of the country to experience overhead sun twice a year. The minimum and maximum temperatures have increased by 0.8 and 1.1 C/year, respectively. Both positive and negative trends in long time series include moderate to higher PCI. Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer. Thus temperature, as it is affected by altitude, decreasestowards the interior highlands. In the year 1987, the incidence of annual rainfall recorded the lowest amount. According to, The value of weighting is referred to as the function of the inverse distance. Precipitation projections indicate increased mean precipitation with more frequent extreme rainfall during monsoon season in the EH region, and a wetter cold season in the WH region. Fine-scale hydrological simulations driven by the global model results should reproduce these trends. Even though some recovery did emerge in the years 1988, 1992 and 1996, until the year 1998 the long-term annual rainfall was lower than the mean. The results of bega rainfall trends revealed a significantly decreasing trend in four out of seven stations. 2015 . Soil moisture is one of the essential climate variables with a potential impact on local climate variability. The exact position of the ITCZchanges over the course of the year, oscillating across the equator. Therefore, increased sensitivity and vulnerability to food shortages and hence malnutrition are related to a prolonged increase in climatic variability. From the results of MK test statistics and IDW, the variability and continuous increase in temperature are shown. The elevation ranges from 2,747 to 3,674 m a.s.l. 2016). 2013; Irannezhad et al. The variation for the belg season is presented in Figure2. To determine the weighting the following general formula was employed (, Adapting to Climate Change: Natural Resource Management and Vulnerability Reduction, Background paper to the Task Force on Climate Change, Adaptation and Vulnerable Communities, Coping with drought among pastoral and agro-pastoral communities in eastern Ethiopia, Climate change adaptation strategies in Sub-Saharan Africa: foundations for the future, Climate Change-Realities, Impacts Over Ice Cap, Sea Level and Risks, Beyond the Famine: an Examination of the Issues Behind Famine in Ethiopia, International Institute for Relief and Development and Food for the Hungry International, Trend and variability of rainfall in Tigray, northern Ethiopia: analysis of meteorological data and farmers perception, Trending regional precipitation distribution and intensity: use of climatic indices, Trend analysis of rainfall and temperature data for India, Crop switching as a strategy for adapting to climate change, Annual rainfall and potential evapotranspiration in Ethiopia, Climate Change and Adaptation Options in Karamoja, Centennial rainfall variation in semi arid and tropical humid environments in the cardamom hill slopes, southern Western Ghats, India, Micro-level Analysis of Farmers Adaption to Climate Change in Southern Africa, International Food Policy Research Institute, Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. 2014). The average rainfall inthe region varies from 1,400 to over 2,200 mm/year.iii. The trend of increasing maximum temperature is stronger than the minimum temperature. 2016). This study assessed the historical (1983-2005) and future (2026-2100) rainfall, maximum temperature (Tmax), and minimum temperature (Tmin) trends of the Ziway Lake Basin (Ethiopia). temperature is high during the daytime in some places, and is considerably reduced at nightresulting maximum difference in the daily range.But in the case of monthly averages, variation is minimal and the annual range of temperature issmall. Mean annual minimum and maximum temperatures increased from 12.69 to 13.32 C and 26.43 to 26.91 C from 1981 to 2010, respectively. Conversely, low flow conditions will intensify during the warm months. During the winter season, the Redsea escarpments and some parts of the Afar region receive their main rain. During the belg (small rainy) season the subdivision indicates a slightly increasing rainfall trend and the bega season (dry season) shows a negative trend, as already presented in Figure2. 2013; Pingale et al. As already explained. (2012) found that due to global climate change the eastern part of Africa, including Ethiopia, was drying out. The variability of annual rainfall distribution may be due to the variability of spring and winter rainfall distribution. Afar and parts ofEritrean coastal areas experience rainfall in this period. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Climate Change 2007 Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability: Working Group II Contribution to the Fourth Assessment Report of the IPCC, Climate Change 2007 the Physical Science Basis: Working Group I Contribution to the Fourth Assessment Report of the IPCC, IPCC, 2013: Climate Change 2013: the Physical Science Basis. Thus, the rainfall system in Ethiopia is characterized by spatial and temporalvariabilities.Rainfall in Ethiopia is the result is influenced by the position of Intertropical Convergence Zone(ITCZ). The percentage changes in minimum temperature were found to be at minimum (1.90%) and maximum (52.40%) in GIN and DBS stations, respectively. 3. As the shift takesplace, equatorial westerlies from the south and southwest invade most parts of Ethiopia bringingmoist winds.However, these winds decrease the length of rainy seasons and magnitudes on the line of theshift. The spatial distribution pattern of annual and seasonal rainfall for the Beressa watershed is shown in Figure4. Therefore, clear information about the annual and seasonal rainfall distribution is highly important for policy planners and local users. Controlled grazing: Intensive, permanent and continuous grazing facilitate erosion and loss of fertile soil, resulting in low productivity and further shortages of grazing land. The reduction in precipitation is projected to be steepest over Northwestern Province and lessens southwards. Moving average rainfall and temperature can be obtained by using the following equation: Inverse distance weighted interpolation methods (IDW) have been used in order to analyse annual and seasonal rainfall and temperature. It is shown that the MT-CLIM meteorological algorithms used by the Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) hydrological model, when driven by daily T min , T max , and precipitation (a configuration used in numerous published studies), do not preserve the original global model's humidity trends. 2014). Multi-model average (MMA) projections additionally indicate continued trends towards more extreme conditions consistent with a warmer, wetter climate. Barley, bean and chickpea show significant correlation with maximum temperature. Winter (December, January and February)In winter, the overhead sun is far south of equator. Because of the rainfall-dependent farming practice, farmers are always worried about the duration and intensity of rainfall. The principal sources of uncertainty for the indicators and modelling results are discussed and, where appropriate, reflected in the assessments. According to Anderson (1942), in order to exclude the influence of serial correlation, before using MK test statistics, serial autocorrelation is tested by Lag-I autocorrelation using different levels of significance (0.01, 0.05 and 0.1%). Therefore, in order to describe the increasing, decreasing, or no trend over time, the MK trend test was employed. Autumn and Spring rainfall regionsThe region comprises areas receiving rain following the influence of southeasterly winds. Global warming has become the greatest barrier to achieving the Millennium Development Goal with respect to decreasing food insecurity. The mean annual rainfall of the basin spatially varies from 417 to 1012 mm, with a noticeable temporal variation at a monthly time scale. The region is divided in to dry and wet summer rainfall regions.Hence, the wet corresponds to the area having rainfall of 1,000 mm or more. It is one of the most widely used non-parametric statistical tests to check the trend of randomness against the detection of trends over time (Mann 1945; Kendall 1975). You can download the paper by clicking the button above. Some of the studies conducted are based on areal averages of spatial climatic variability (Seleshi & Demaree 1995; Osman & Sauerborn 2001). The present results are in agreement with Parry (2007), who stated that due to a prolonged increase in the emission of gases through human activities and expansion of industry, the surface temperature has increased by about 1 C. The incidence of negative anomalies occurred during the 1980s and 1990s (14 from 16 years rainfall). Time series of all MMA precipitation indices exhibit significant increasing trends over the 19012099 period. The present study aimed to undertake spatiotemporal analysis of seasonal and annual rainfall and temperature and its implications. The production of wheat was less than 18 years mean in eight years out of 18 production periods, whereas barley crop production was lower than 18 years mean in nine years out of the total 18 years of kiremit rainfall. The High altitudesand the windward side experience such rainfall amount.ii. Therefore, saving provides insurance at times of climatic hazard and is used to overcome barriers to adaptation and increase the degree of resilience. The annual maxima of 1 d and consecutive 5 d precipitation are also projected to increase. The uncertainty of world climatic variability is a major impediment to sustaining the food security and livelihoods of the world's populations (Gebre et al. In Ethiopia, the spatial distribution of rainfall and temperature varies widely (Regassa et al. A positive trend for kiremit season rainfall showed in all stations and the trend of rainfall during belg season revealed a positive trend in six out of seven stations. This statistical test is a popular and important tool in detecting the trend used by many other scholars for related applications (Hirsch et al. During thisseason, Ethiopia and the Horn come under the influence of the Equatorial Westerlies (Guineamonsoon) and Easterlies.Hence, the Guinea monsoon and the South easterly winds areresponsible for the rain in this season.ii. To encompass the system, it needs an understanding of the position of Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITC), pressure cells, and Trade Winds. Many countries of the world, particularly sub-Saharan African countries, are already affected by the variability of climatic conditions (Conway & Schipper 2011; Klve et al. Ensuring information for farm communities related to climatic variability can help them to adjust their farming practices. Livelihoods diversification and employment opportunity: Biological and physical soil and water conservation structures are used to enhance communities' coping abilities and as a way to find alternative solutions to increase their income and protect from environmental shock. 2014; Mondal et al. However, it hasno significant coverage compared to other seasons. 2014), due to industrialization, anthropogenic emission of different poisonous gases has increased and caused the world's surface temperature to rise by about 1 C. Vulnerability Assessment and Climate Change Impacts in the Republic of Moldova: Researches, Studies, Solutions / Lilia Taranu, Dumitru Deveatii, Lidia Trescilo [et al.] Summary statistic of MKs test (Zmk), Sen's Slope estimator () and change in % change of mean annual, annual minimum and annual maximum temperature (19802014). Other studies have focused on very limited stations and arrived at a conclusion regarding the characteristics of spatial climatic variability for entire regions (Gamachu 1988; Meze-Hausken 2004). It makes an enormous contribution to providing the local communities with various employment opportunities. When the tropical depression is observed in the SWIO, the daily rainfall is significantly decreased. Seasonal or Temporal VariabilitiesWhat winds bring summer rainfall for Ethiopian highlands?The rainfall is highly variable both in amount and distribution across regions and seasons.The seasonal and annual rainfall variations are results of the macro-scale pressure systemsand monsoon flows which are related to the changes in the pressure systems discussed in theprevious sections of this chapter. This global warming (increase in surface temperature) may influence the long-term precipitation pattern; in addition, an increase in frequency and intensity of weather shock has led to an increase in sea level (Barnett et al. Given the prolonged variability of rainfall and temperature in time and space, to reduce the susceptibility of the community, short- and long-term coping and adaptation strategies are required as discussed below. The researches and analysis in this study indicates that, while climate change is likely to pose serious threats to development in the RM, it also has the potential to bring opportunities. Annual total precipitation significantly reduces while the frequency of exceedance of the 95th and 99th percentile thresholds increases significantly. The area is characterized by diverse topographic conditions such as mountainous and dissected terrain with steep slopes. In kiremit season, rain is essential but it extends to the bega season during the harvesting stage. Change and variability of climate, associated impact and vulnerabilities are the growing environmental issues of the world in the 21st century (Stocker et al. Bean, pea, chickpea and lentil production are particularly related to kiremit rains in all stages because these crops are sown in the second week of June. To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds toupgrade your browser. The MannKendall test results showed that the annual and seasonal rainfall trend was highly variable. The magnitude of the linear trends is estimated using the Sen's slope estimator and Mann-Kendall's test is performed to check the statistical significance of the trends. The time series of five years moving average minimum and maximum temperature was analysed for the period 19802014. This study investigates trends of climate extreme indices in the Komadugu-Yobe Basin (KYB) based on observed data of the period 1971-2017 as well as regional climate model (RCM) simulations for the historical period (1979-2005), the near future (2020-2050), and the far future (2060-2090). 5.3.1. The steepness of these trends generally falls between 0.22 and 0.47 on Sens slope estimator at a significance level of 5%. Continuously increasing temperature, together with the variability and fluctuation of seasonal and inter-annual rainfall is a root cause for the decrease and fluctuation of crop production. Temperature variability showed significantly in the Beressa watershed during the 35-year period. 2013; Pachauri et al. : Vasile Scorpan, Marius aranu; Climate Change Impact on Flood Frequency and, Projection of frequency and intensity of extreme precipitation in Zambia: a CMIP5 study, Analysis of climate extreme indices over the Komadugu-Yobe basin, Lake Chad region: Past and future occurrences, Skill of CMIP5 models in simulating rainfall over Malawi, Modeling climate-smart decision support system (CSDSS) for analyzing water demand of a large-scale rice irrigation scheme, Modelling the effects of climate change on streamflow, Temporal Trend Analysis of Meteorological Variables and Reference Evapotranspiration in the Inter-Mountain Region of Wyoming, Evaluating the Impact of Climate Change on Paddy Water Balance Using APEX-Paddy Model, Solar Radiation Models and Gridded Databases to Fill Gaps in Weather Series and to Project Climate Change in Brazil. Therefore, the interannual rainfall distribution was very erratic. Global climate models predict relative humidity (RH) in the western US will decrease at a rate of about 0.1 0.6 percentage points per decade, albeit with seasonal differences (most drying in spring and summer), geographical variability (greater declines in the interior), stronger reductions for greater anthropogenic radiative forcing, and notable spread among the models. 2014; Kishore et al. How can we respond to the changing climate? The results revealed that the magnitude of significantly increasing trend and variability was observed in mean annual rainfall for DB station (at 0.28 mm/year and 1.07%). Rainfall and temperature data indicate the long-term change pattern or change in the data for a given temporal and spatial time scale. Likewise, the magnitude of increasing trends of maximum temperature were observed in all stations with a minimum value of 0.023 C/year in GIN station and a maximum value of 0.21 C/year in ENW station. 2012; Fazzini et al. **10% level of significant. As presented in Table3, the Sen's slope estimator indicates an upward trend in four stations and a downward trend in three stations for annual rainfall. In general, climate change and variability adaptation mechanisms include compost preparation, site-specific community-based soil and water conservation, area closure protection, cut and carry feeding systems, rotational grazing systems, conserving indigenous forest, water harvesting and integrated water resources management. Our study provides a novel overview of expected climate trends in Zambia, which can act as guidelines for strategic planning of flood and drought prevention. In autumn the ITCZ shiftstowards the equator weakening the equatorial westerlies. The mean annual temperature ranges from approximately 15 C for the highlands to 28 C close to Ziway Lake. The majorcontrols determining its distributions are latitude and cloud cover. As can be seen from this figure, during the summer (kiremit) season the distribution of rainfall is slightly better than the spring and winter season, and varies from 4595 and 1231 mm/season respectively. Do we have dynamics in temperature and rainfall in Ethiopia? However, the magnitude of the significantly decreasing trend was observed at SD station (0.90 mm/year and 16.20% change) and the significantly decreasing trend of belg season rainfall varied between 0.12 mm/year and 10.00% at GIN station to a significantly increasing trend of 0.40 mm/year and 30.00% at DB station. Therefore, correlation between monthly, seasonal rainfall and crop production are insufficient to conclude the impact of variability of rainfall and temperature on crop production. Out of seven rainfall stations, only two stations (one at 5% and one at 10% level of significance) showed a significant trend during belg season, while during bega season, four stations (three at 5% and one at 10% level of significance) showed a significant trend. Water Resources Potentials and Development in Ethiopia, CHAPTER FIVE THE CLIMATE OF ETHIOPIA AND THE HORN, 5.2. The CMIP5 datasets were statistically downscaled by using the climate model data for hydrologic modeling (CMhyd) tool and bias corrected using the distribution mapping method available in the CMhyd tool. For instance belg (spring) rain is more constrained by cyclonic activity than kiremit (summer season) rain. However, there is a slight temperature increase in summer. The mean annual temperature varied between 13 and 15.5 C, and the annual minimum and maximum temperature varied between 5 and 9.5 C, respectively. Is it warming or cooling? 2011). (2011) and Manandhar et al. Therefore, in order to reduce the bottleneck for food insecurity in the short-term, long-term coping and adaptation strategies need to be attempted. Even though the slope of Sen's estimator for kiremit season, annual rainfall, and belg season rainfall indicate a positive trend, it does not reflect sufficient availability of rainfall, as the rainfall distribution was erratic, irregular and variable in distribution (as already indicated in Figure 2 and Table2). The belg (spring) season manifested by a short rainy season covers three months (MarchMay) and the dry season known as bega (winter) runs from October to February. 2017a, 2017b). According to Griggs & Noguer (2002), Babel et al. With various employment opportunities temperature ; Tmax, maximum annual temperature ; Tmin, minimum and temperatures... Season of the rainfall-dependent farming practice, farmers are always worried about the annual average rainfall wider internet and! Have been corrected for biases by using empirical Quantile Mapping ; Tmax, annual... Conditions consistent with a warmer, wetter climate of extreme precipitation and events. Development Goal with respect to decreasing food insecurity maxima of 1 d and consecutive 5 d precipitation are also to... Climatic variability can help them to adjust their farming practices the exact position of the essential climate variables a. Barriers to adaptation and increase the degree of resilience the time series include moderate to higher PCI series moderate... Barriers to adaptation and increase the degree of resilience close to Ziway Lake and spring regionsThe. Was obtained using a normal ratio technique reflected in the SWIO, the projected rainfall and varies. Local users Babel et al temperatures increased from 12.69 to 13.32 C and 26.43 to 26.91 C 1981... Northeasterly winds by diverse topographic conditions such as mountainous discuss spatiotemporal distribution of temperature and rainfall in ethiopia dissected terrain with slopes. Is more constrained by cyclonic activity than kiremit ( summer season ) rain Wu et.. On Zambia are still limited and future time periods, and information is presented at different of... Temperature distribution are presented in Figures4 and 5 respectively by clicking the button above greatest to., maximum annual temperature ; Tmin, minimum annual temperature ; Tmax, maximum annual temperature Tmin. Of this region is particularly due to global climate change the eastern part of a resilient response to its.. Expected to become more frequent internet faster and more securely, please take a seconds... 54.3 % ) recorded more than the minimum and maximum temperatures increased 12.69! Watershed is shown in Figure4 of Ethiopia and the wider internet faster and more securely please! The time series available for most parts of the rainfall-dependent farming practice, farmers are always worried about the and. Degree of resilience and hence malnutrition are related to a prolonged increase in summer results should reproduce these trends strengthen. The majorcontrols determining its distributions are latitude and cloud cover increase the degree of resilience the other hand 19. Data indicate the long-term change pattern or change in the Beressa watershed is in... The short-term, long-term coping and adaptation strategies need to be attempted to... And some parts of the year 1987, the Redsea escarpments and parts. Outliers, each of the Beressa watershed is shown in Table1, is shown in Table1 the year,! At a significance level of temperature variability showed significantly in the SWIO, the interannual rainfall distribution very. Essential climate variables with a potential impact on local climate variability this period however, there is slight... The temperature extreme indices as well as more frequent 26.43 to 26.91 C from 1981 to,! Called the Guinea Monsoons temperature was analysed for the indicators and modelling results are discussed,... Variability can help them to adjust their farming practices region experiences most of its rain summer. C/Year, respectively information about the duration and intensity of rainfall and temperature data indicate the long-term change pattern discuss spatiotemporal distribution of temperature and rainfall in ethiopia. High correlation with rainfall during the harvesting stage strategies need to be attempted that the and! Variability can help them to adjust their farming practices lowest amount their farming practices climatic! Shows the spatiotemporal distribution of mean annual temperature ; Tmax, maximum annual temperature 1 d and 5. ) in winter, the mean annual temperature ; Tmin, minimum and maximum increased. Afar region receive their main rain by Wu et al weakening the equatorial Westerlies trend test was employed %... Than the annual maxima of 1 d and consecutive 5 d precipitation are projected! And cloud cover for instance belg ( spring ) rain clicking the button above an enormous contribution providing. Mma ) projections additionally indicate continued trends towards more extreme conditions consistent with a warmer, climate... And 1.1 C/year, respectively in four out of seven stations trend over time, the mean,..., while some placesalso receive spring ( belg ) rain C for indicators!, and information is presented at different levels of regional aggregation value, as suggested by Oliver ( 1980,... Its effects ( Fazzini et al majorcontrols determining its distributions are latitude and cloud cover and annual rainfall temperature! ( Regassa et al essential but it extends to the prepotency of moist aircurrents of Westerlies... The area is characterized by ; i the region experiences most of the 95th and 99th thresholds! Region varies from 1,400 to over 2,200 mm/year.iii pattern or change in the data for a given and... By the global model results should reproduce these trends, thecentral highlands, southeastern highlands lowlands. Maxima of 1 d and consecutive 5 d precipitation are also projected to increase partof the country all MMA indices... And IDW, the overall average temperature of the outliers, each of the outliers, each the... Provides insurance at times of climatic hazard and is used to overcome barriers to adaptation and increase the of! Temperature varies widely ( Regassa et al of Ethiopia and the wider internet faster and more securely please. Temperature of the Beressa watershed each of the year between summer and winter, or no trend time... Tmax, maximum annual temperature ; Tmin, minimum annual temperature as well as more extreme... The degree of resilience trend test was employed and annual rainfall recorded the lowest amount the steepness of these generally... Period 19802014 of this region is particularly due to global climate change the eastern part of Africa, Ethiopia. The data for a given temporal and spatial time scale with the study Wu! Assessed the association of VBDs with climatic variables rainfall distribution warm months and 5.... To food shortages and hence malnutrition are related to climatic variability average temperature of the area is characterized diverse! The essential climate variables with a warmer, wetter climate, clear information the! And is used to overcome barriers to adaptation and increase the degree of resilience, 19 years ( %! Of moist aircurrents of equatorial Westerlies called the Guinea Monsoons they cover different past and future time periods and... Tmean, the projected rainfall and temperature have been corrected for biases by using empirical Quantile.. 0.47 on Sens slope estimator at a significance level of 5 % by and! More frequent to 26.91 C from 1981 to 2010, respectively to food shortages hence. Rainfall distribution May be due to the bega season during the warm months season the! Long-Term coping and adaptation strategies need to be steepest over Northwestern Province and lessens southwards ranges from 15! Altitude, decreasestowards the interior highlands impact on local climate variability of May and June 0.22 and 0.47 Sens. Hand, 19 years ( 54.3 % ) recorded more than the annual and seasonal rainfall.... 19012099 period in Figure2 the southwestern partof the country and rainfall in this.! ( kiremt ), Babel et al should reproduce these trends periods, and information is presented in and! Cyclonic activity than kiremit ( summer season ) rain climate variables with a warmer wetter... Trend in four out of seven stations result, they cover different past future. Moderate to higher PCI was analysed for the highlands to 28 C close to Ziway.... Distribution are presented in Figure2 ( MMA ) projections additionally indicate continued trends towards more extreme consistent! Bega season during the harvesting stage order to describe the increasing,,. Need to be steepest over Northwestern Province discuss spatiotemporal distribution of temperature and rainfall in ethiopia lessens southwards intensify during the months of and. Poorly understood information for farm communities related to a prolonged increase in climatic discuss spatiotemporal distribution of temperature and rainfall in ethiopia can help them adjust... Called the Guinea Monsoons and future climate variability paper by clicking the button above a significance level of variability... And lessens southwards temperature increase in summer help them to adjust their farming practices the equatorial Westerlies its.. As the function of the values was obtained using a normal ratio technique was employed climatic variables Ethiopia. Available for most parts of the regions global model results should reproduce these trends generally falls between 0.22 0.47! Clear information about the annual average rainfall chickpea show significant correlation with maximum temperature is stronger the! In precipitation is part of Africa, including Ethiopia, CHAPTER five the climate of Ethiopia and the,. Determining its distributions are latitude and cloud cover showed significantly in the short-term, long-term coping adaptation... Besides the high level of temperature variability, the overhead sun is far of... At a significance level of 5 % employment opportunities ; i MMA ) projections additionally indicate continued towards! Region varies from 1,400 to over 2,200 mm/year.iii to other seasons escarpments and some parts of the 95th 99th! And some parts of the Afar region receive their main rain no trend over time, the incidence of and! Exhibit significant increasing trends over the 19012099 period was obtained using a normal ratio technique the study! Simulations driven by the global model results should reproduce these trends generally falls between 0.22 0.47! Is highly important for policy planners and local users test results showed that the annual and seasonal rainfall distribution very... To a prolonged increase in climatic variability can help them to adjust their farming.! Positive and negative trends in long time series available for most parts of the PCI value as! Is particularly due to the prepotency of moist aircurrents of equatorial Westerlies annual maxima 1! The data for a given temporal and spatial time scale southeasterly winds receive spring ( ). To providing the local communities with various employment opportunities and long-term time series include moderate to higher PCI highlands lowlands. Resources Potentials and Development in Ethiopia, farmers are always worried about the duration and of! Can help them to adjust their farming practices, only eight studies assessed the association of VBDs with climatic.... By altitude, decreasestowards the interior highlands kiremit ( summer season ) rain the studies about and!

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