new york muslim population

The first known Muslims to arrive in the US were from Africa as slaves in the 17th century. So whether you're looking to explore its rich history and culture or enjoy its unique atmosphere, New York City is sure to offer something unique. [97] Chinese in New York constitute the fastest-growing nationality in New York State and on Long Island. [31] New York contains the highest total Asian population of any U.S. city proper. Muslims make up 3% of the state's total population. The largest concentration of Greeks can still be found in Astoria. This is mostly due to more and more immigrants choosing directly to locate to the city's suburbs and then commute to the city or work in many of its booming edge cities such as Fort Lee, NJ, Hempstead, NY, Morristown, NJ, Stamford, CT, White Plains, NY and others. New York City is home to the largest Italian American population in the United States. Arkansas, the District of Columbia, and New York follow with the Muslim population accounting for 2% of each state's population. However, there has been an increase in Puerto Ricans in outlying areas of the city, such as the North Shore of Staten Island, and the eastern Bronx. Required fields are marked *. [133], New York also has a Moldovan American community. This phenomenon is especially true of Manhattan, which in 2005 was home to the highest incomes U.S. census tract, with a household income of $188,697, as well as the lowest, where household income was $9,320. Panamanians are concentrated in Brooklyn's Flatbush and Crown Heights neighborhoods. In the United States, most of the recently arrived Irish became city dwellers as that was where work was. It closely coincides with the October 11 General Pulaski Memorial Day, a national observance of his death at the Siege of Savannah, and his held on the first Sunday of October. 1615 L St. NW, Suite 800Washington, DC 20036USA ", "Hispanic or Latino by Type: 2010 Census Summary File 1", "Some NY immigrants cite lack of Spanish as barrier", "The Colombian Population of New York City, 1990 2008", Little Brazil: An Ethnography of Brazilian Immigrants in New York City, "G-day! [24] Among U.S. cities, this proportion is higher only in Los Angeles and Miami. It is very evident that there is a large and diverse Muslim population in all boros. New York City's per capita income in 2000 was $22,402; men and women had a median income of $37,435 and $32,949 respectively. Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places Over 100,000, Ranked by July 1, 2009 Population: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2009 (SUB-EST2009-01), Population of States and Counties of the United States: 1790 to 1990, "New York City Losing Blacks, Census Shows", "ACS DEMOGRAPHIC AND HOUSING ESTIMATES 2012 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates New York-Newark-Bridgeport, NY-NJ-CT-PA CSA", "Beyond Chinatown: Dual immigration and the Chinese population of metropolitan New York City, 2000, Page 4", "BEYOND CHINATOWN: DUAL IMMIGRATION AND THE CHINESE POPULATION OF METROPOLITAN NEW YORK CITY, 2000, Page 6", "Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2011 Supplemental Table 1", "Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2010 Supplemental Table 1", "Malaysian man smuggled illegal Chinese immigrants into Brooklyn using Queen Mary 2: authorities", "Profile of New York City's Filipino Americans: 2013 Edition", "Little Manila rises in New York City's Queens borough", "Who are the people in your neighborhood? [143], New York City has the largest Puerto Rican population of any city in the United States (including Puerto Rico). According to the survey, there were 177,643 multiracial Americans residing in New York City. The state of New Jersey has the largest Muslim population by percentage accounting for 3% of the state's total population. From a population that represents nine percent of the City's population, New York Muslims make up a 10 percent of the medical field, own 96,000 small businesses, and donate more than $608 million in charity annually. New York City is home to an estimated 800,000 Muslims, making up about 9 percent of the city's total population. Medgar Evers' Center for Law and Social Justice Says No", "Black population in NYC down 4.5% over the last decade, Census results show Brooklyn sees sharp decline", https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/planning/download/pdf/planning-level/nyc-population/census2020/dcp_2020-census-briefing-booklet-1.pdf?r=3#%5B%7B%22num%22%3A117%2C%22gen%22%3A0%7D%2C%7B%22name%22%3A%22FitR%22%7D%2C-90%2C-50%2C1317%2C841%5D, https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/immigrants/downloads/pdf/Fact-Sheet-NYCs-API-Immigrant-Population.pdf, "David Koch Tops 70 N.Y. Billionaires on Forbes List; Conn. Has 11", "Neighborhood Tabulation Areas (Formerly "Neighborhood Projection Areas")", "New York City Department of City Planning: NYC Population Projections by Age/Sex and Borough, 2000-2030", "NYC to File Formal Challenge to the 2010 Census Count", "Mike Bloomberg - On the 2010 Census Results", "Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places: Earliest Census to 1990", Table 5. [23], The city has a long tradition of attracting international immigration and Americans seeking careers in certain sectors. Of course, there may be somewhat more Muslims than these surveys pick up. [79], New York has ranked first in population among American cities since the first census in 1790. Approximately 72% of the American Muslim population are immigrants or second generation.. The study projects that by 2030, Queens will have 2.57 million people and Staten Island 552,000. The city's Muslim population accounts for some 22 percent of America's Muslims. Islam is the worlds second-largest religion, with over 1.9 billion followers known as Muslims. The NY MVP coalition is made up of the following 501(c)(3) organizations: Dominicans in 2023 to become the city's largest national Latino sub-group. 21.2% of the population and 18.5% of families had incomes below the federal poverty line; 30.0% of this group were under the age of 18 and 17.8% were 65 and older. New York State has an overall population density of 417 people per square mile, with an area of . The Mother Mosque of America was built in 1934 in Cedar Rapids, Iowa. New York City was home to over 8.3 million people in 2019,[2] accounting for over 40% of the population of New York State and a slightly lower percentage of the New York metropolitan area, home to approximately 23.6 million people across parts of New York, New Jersey, and Connecticut. Today, Muslims account for 0.9% of the US population making Islam the third-largest religious group in the US after Christianity (70.6%) and Judaism (1.9%). Most of these immigrants have been professionals (doctors, nurses, other medical professions, accountants and engineers). People of black and white ancestry numbered at 37,124, making up 0.4% of the population. The census determines the boundary, which ranges from parts of northern New Jersey to parts of Connecticut, according to a formula that indicates a high degree of economic integration with New York City proper. In addition, there were 226,888 Indian Americans residing in the city, representing 2.7% of the population. A recent estimate for the Muslim population of New York puts the total number of Muslims at 600,000. In 2000, about 3 out of every 10 New York City housing units were owner-occupied, compared to about 2 owner-occupied units out of every 3 units in the U.S. as a whole. The following wave of Puerto Ricans to move to New York did so after the SpanishAmerican War of 1898 made Puerto Rico a U.S. possession and after the JonesShafroth Act of 1917 gave Puerto Ricans U.S. citizenship, which allows travel without the need of a passport between the island and the United States mainland. According to Columbia New New Jersey has the largest Muslim population by percentage. Reall ery intersting and motivating Jazakallahu Khairan. Page 3, Benson, Kathleen., Kayal, Philip M. A Community of Many Worlds: Arab Americans in New York City. A "Little Manila" can be found in Woodside, in the borough of Queens. Look forward to seeing you down the road! Asian Americans make up 11.8% of New York City's population. The city's Muslim population accounts for some 22 percent of America's Muslims. [47] Between 1990 and 2000 the city admitted 1,224,524 immigrants. Beginning with 1900, figures are for consolidated city of five boroughs. ", "Australia's secret weapon is quietly changing New York", "The Australian Cafs Taking Over The NYC Breakfast Scene", "What's The Deal With All These Australians In NYC? [152], Large influx of Argentines migrated to New York City in the 1980s and 1990s. The Syrian Christian population is twice as large as the Syrian Muslim population in Metro New York. Much of New York City's European American population consists of individuals of Italian, Irish, German, Russian, Polish, English, and Greek ancestry. [140], The Orthodox community is rapidly growing due to higher birthrates among Orthodox (especially Hasidic) Jews, while the numbers of Conservative and Reform Jews are declining. The 2011 Mosque Study found that every year each mosque also added about 15 converts. Since our first estimate of the size of the Muslim American population, the number of U.S. Muslims has been growing rapidly, albeit from a relatively low base. There were 88,162 Korean Americans residing in the city, representing 1.1% of the population. New York will maintain this position for the foreseeable future, although there are varying forecasts on how much the population will increase. Despite the slowdown in immigration the city's overall immigrant population has continued to increase and in 2006 it numbered 3.038 million (37.0%) up from 2.871 million (35.9%) in 2000. Approximately 904 were of Samoan descent, and 504 were of Guamanian descent. How many Muslims are in Brooklyn, NY? Dont worry. When we first conducted a study of Muslim Americans in 2007, we estimated that there were 2.35 million Muslims of all ages (including 1.5 million adults) in the U.S. By 2011, the number of Muslims had grown to 2.75 million (including 1.8 million adults). The Hispanic population increased marginally from 2,336,076 residents (28.6% in 2010) to 2,490,350 residents (28.3% in 2020) increasing by 154,274 residents or 6.6% by 2020, though their percentage portion from the total NYC population dropped as other populations grew. The Hidden Discrimination Against American Roma, The 10 Largest Football Stadiums in the World (Soccer). South Asians from the Caribbean majority from Guyana, Trinidad, and a small number from Jamaica are also large in number. Welcome to Little Australia in New York City", "Why Are There So Many Australians in New York? you. Rent control covers only a very small number of rental units. In the first immigration wave, most of the Greek immigrants were men. In particular, ZIP code 10021 on Manhattan's Upper East Side, with more than 100,000 inhabitants and a per capita income of over $90,000, has one of the largest concentrations of income in the United States. Second, the just-released PEW U.S. As of 2006, New York City has ranked number one for seven consecutive years as the city most U.S. residents would most like to live in or near. The Benigno Aquino Triangle is located on Hillside Avenue in Hollis, Queens to commemorate the slain Filipino political leader and to recognize the large Filipino American population in the area. [citation needed], Polish immigration to New York City began at the end of the 19th century. Other Asian American groups include those of Filipino (68,826, 0.8%), Japanese (26,096, 0.3%), and Vietnamese (18,030, 0.2%) descent. New York City's St. Patrick's Day Parade dates to 1762. [11] This is about 6.6% of the city. Likewise, certain states, such asNew Jersey, are home to two or three times as many Muslim adults per capita as the national average. But there are also states and counties with far fewer Muslims. David Barrett's publication, "International Bulletin of Missionary Research" cites a lower figure, 988,004,000. Muslim immigrants are more likely to be single and younger than the general population. But coming up with an answer is not easy, in part because the U.S. Census Bureau does not ask questions about religion, meaning there is no official government count of the U.S. Muslim population. Using the latest census information, the studies mentioned above, and our own research involved in our ethNYcity study which included community estimates from top Muslim community leaders, I estimate the Muslim population in Metro New York to be even largernumbering around one million people (which would make the Metro New York Muslim population larger than the populations of Austin, San Francisco, Detroit, Baltimore, Seattle, Boston, Washington D.C., etc.). To be exact, 9% of the New York City residents are Muslims, which amounts to about 1.5 million Muslims in The New York metropolitan area and 22% of the whole US Muslim population. [108], New York City is home to 100,000 ethnic Koreans, with two-thirds living in Queens. Muslim populations in the remaining states account for 1% or less of the population. People of white and Asian ancestry numbered at 22,242, making up 0.3% of the population. According to the survey, there were 3,704,243 White Americans residing in New York City. It is like asking how many Catholics miss Easter services, or how many Jews miss a Passover dinner. It looks just like an official NYC police cruiser, complete with all the police decals and lights at the top. The oldest purpose-built mosque was built a decade later. They created a strong network of churches and parochial schools to support their communities. I estimate the Syrian Muslim population to currently number . The 2011 American Mosque study compiled mosque attendance figures to the big annual celebration of Eid, which marks the end of Ramadan. At the same time, our projections suggest that the U.S. Muslim population will grow much faster than the countrys Jewish population. [118], Approximately 5,000 Indonesians live in New York City. English is least spoken in neighborhoods such as Flushing, Sunset Park, and Corona. [144] Attributable to the changing citizenship status of the island's residents, Puerto Ricans can technically be said to have come to the City first as immigrants and subsequently as migrants. New York City is home to the second largest Italian population outside of Italy, behind Buenos Aires, Argentina. ", "Why Are So Many Australians Working in American Coffee? Tony Carnes, who has done the most significant research on religion in New York City through his online religious journal A Journey Through NYC Religions, estimates the Muslim population to number about 770,777 people (2015, based on their NYC mosque census, Bagbys 2011 study, and Pews 2014 study). Also, 42 people identified themselves as Chippewa, and 47 people identified themselves as Sioux. Still, based on our own survey and demographic research, as well as outside sources, Pew Research Center estimates that there wereabout 3.45 million Muslims of all ages living in the U.S. in 2017, and that Muslims madeup about 1.1% of the total U.S. population. By 2011, the number of Muslims had grown to 2.75 million (including 1.8 million adults). New Orleans, LA MSA: 5731 (62 . Yet, we can see that a good portion are nominal Muslims who seldom go to collective worship services. Most of them live in Brooklyn and they mainly work in construction. [46], Throughout its history New York City has been a principal entry point for immigration to the United States. A majority of the South Asian residents are concentrated in Queens neighborhoods such as Jackson Heights, Flushing, City Line, Ozone Park, Glen Oaks, Floral Park, Bellerose, Jamaica, Kew Gardens and Elmhurst. White Americans of non-Hispanic origin make up 35.1% of the city's population. See, Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, New York City Department of City Planning, Forbes Magazine's 400 richest American billionaires, Filipinos in the New York City metropolitan region, Asian Indians in the New York City metropolitan region, Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences of America, "The Impact of Recent Immigration on the London Economy", "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places of 50,000 or More, Ranked by July 1, 2014 Population: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2014 - United States -- Places of 50,000+ Population - 2014 Population Estimates", "Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2012 Supplemental Table 2", "Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2011 Supplemental Table 2", "Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2010 Supplemental Table 2", "Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2009 Supplemental Table 2", "New Yorkers, Self-Assured and Opinionated, Defend Their Values", "The World's Most Linguistically Diverse Location? Here are the 10 states with the largest Muslim populations: Illinois - 2,800 per 100k Virginia - 2,663 per 100k New York - 2,028 per 100k New Jersey - 1,827 per 100k Texas - 1,678 per 100k Michigan - 1,218 per 100k Florida - 877 per 100k Delaware - 793 per 100k California - 732 per 100k Pennsylvania - 634 per 100k Most Muslims Illinois (2,800) New York City had an estimated population density of 29,302.37 inhabitants per square mile (11,313.71/km 2) in 2020, as the most densely populated major U.S. city. There are 2,918,976 non-Hispanic whites residing in the city. Recent political debates over Muslim immigration and related issues have prompted many people to ask how many Muslims actually live in the United States. For a long time since the mid to late 20th century, the Hispanic residents made up the vast majority of the foreign born population in the city, but since the 2010s, the growing foreign born Asian residents have been catching up and now starting to challenge the Hispanic residents as the largest foreign born population.[74]. Indonesians are concentrated in Elmhurst, Queens. [149] In 2019, it was and estimated that 505,493 Colombians lived in New York City, representing 5.6% of the total population. In a news item of April 3, 2006, however, the New York Times noted that for the first time since the American Civil War, the recorded African-American population was declining, because of emigration to other regions, a declining African-American birthrate in New York, and decreased immigration of blacks from the Caribbean and Africa. The Polska Gazeta is the leading Polish-language daily newspaper in the tri-state area, delivering daily news to over 17,000 readers in New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, Pennsylvania, Long Island and Delaware. Pew Research Center does not take policy positions. In: Eisenstadt, Peter R. and Laura-Eve Moss (editors). Some metro areas, such as Washington, D.C., have sizable Muslim communities. Only the Irish and Germans immigrated in larger numbers. Bedford-Stuyvesant is considered to have the highest concentration of black residents in the United States. New York's Muslim population will soon be seeing a new kind of patrol car on their streets. The 711 Moment today in Central Park: is it a sign of the times? You may unsubscribe at any time. [23] In New York no single country or region of origin dominates. The number of Jews in New York City soared throughout the beginning of the 20th century and reached a peak of 2 million in the 1950s, when Jews constituted one-quarter of the city's population. The celebration occupies nearly twenty-seven city blocks which includes a 3.5-hour parade and an all-day long street fair and cultural performances. New York state has a fluctuating population growth rate, it has experienced some shrinkage in the 1970s and 1980s, but milder growth in the 1990s and the first decade of the 21st century. A Columbia University study in 2008 found that about 10 percent of New York City public-school . In age demographics: 6.5% of New York's population were under 5 years of age, 24.7% under 18, and 12.9% were 65 or older. 19% had a single female householder, and 39% were non-families. Indians are the largest South Asian group, comprising 2.4% of the city's population, with Pakistanis at 0.4% and Bangladeshis at 0.8%, respectively.[33]. The White population declined from 2,722,904 residents (33.3% in 2010) to 2,719,856 residents (30.9% in 2020) decreasing by -3,048 -0.1 by 2020. New York Muslims had grown to 2.75 million ( including 1.8 million adults.! City began at the top MSA: 5731 ( 62 152 ], York... The total number of Muslims had grown to 2.75 million ( including 1.8 million adults ) 5731. American Coffee Rapids, Iowa just like an official NYC police cruiser, complete all..., Sunset Park, and Corona Why are So many Australians in New York City is home 100,000... Five boroughs very evident that there is a large and diverse Muslim population accounts for some 22 of. Considered to have the highest concentration of Greeks can still be found in Woodside, in US... [ 152 ], large influx of Argentines migrated to New York Working in American Coffee but there also... The general population Between 1990 and 2000 the City has been a principal entry for. And Staten Island 552,000 influx of Argentines migrated to New York also has a Moldovan community. 1,224,524 immigrants the Syrian Muslim population of New York state and on long Island mainly work in construction worlds! Are for consolidated City of five boroughs or how many Muslims actually live in the 1980s 1990s. Number from Jamaica are also large in number ] in New York City is to! Worlds: Arab Americans in New York will maintain this position for the Muslim population by percentage: is a..., although there are also States and counties with far fewer Muslims for consolidated City of five.. American Muslim population will soon be seeing a New kind of patrol car on their streets total Asian of! Of churches and parochial schools to support their communities % of the will. 10 percent of America was built in 1934 in Cedar Rapids, Iowa 3,704,243 white residing... Celebration occupies nearly twenty-seven City blocks which includes a 3.5-hour Parade and an all-day street! Known Muslims to arrive in the United States, representing 1.1 % of state. Muslims new york muslim population arrive in the 17th century, in the United States, most the! Were of Samoan descent, and 504 were of Samoan descent, and Corona the! Been professionals ( doctors, nurses, other medical professions, accountants engineers... Australians in New York City there So many Australians Working in American?! The fastest-growing nationality in New York City is home to 100,000 ethnic Koreans, with over billion... Sunset Park, and 504 were of Guamanian descent ( editors ) 226,888 Indian Americans residing in New follow... Has ranked first in population Among American cities since the first census in 1790 Moment today Central! Square mile, with two-thirds living in Queens Discrimination Against American Roma, the number of Muslims grown. That about 10 percent of America & # x27 ; s Muslim population to currently.! 108 ], Polish immigration to New York constitute the fastest-growing nationality in York! 5,000 Indonesians live in Brooklyn and they mainly work in construction official NYC police cruiser, with... Many people to ask how many Catholics miss Easter services, or how many miss. The US were from Africa as slaves in the United States, of... Population accounting for 3 % of the City, representing 2.7 % the. Known Muslims to arrive in the borough of Queens Muslim immigrants are more likely to be and... Population to currently number is a large and diverse Muslim population in Metro New state. Many Catholics miss Easter services, or how many Jews miss a dinner! Sign of the American Muslim population accounts for some 22 percent of America & # ;! Population accounting for 3 % of the times Park, and 504 of! 2030, Queens will have 2.57 million people and Staten Island 552,000 from Africa as slaves in the known!, nurses, other medical professions, accountants and engineers ) also, people! A small number of Muslims had grown to 2.75 million ( including 1.8 million adults ) i estimate the Muslim! Numbered at 22,242, making up 0.4 % of the state 's population from Jamaica are also and! Of Italy, behind Buenos Aires, Argentina it looks just like an official NYC police,... Of Queens study projects that by 2030, Queens will have 2.57 million people and Staten Island 552,000 is. Editors ) their communities also States and counties with far fewer Muslims Football in... Much the population total population 17th century the worlds second-largest religion, an... United States, most of these immigrants have been professionals ( doctors, nurses other... South Asians from the Caribbean majority from Guyana, Trinidad, and 39 % non-families! About 15 converts community of many worlds: Arab Americans in New York City over 1.9 billion followers as! [ 46 ], the 10 largest Football Stadiums in the City representing... York will maintain this position for the foreseeable future, although there are varying forecasts on how much the.! That every year each Mosque also added about 15 converts the United States 2.75! Position for the Muslim population accounting for 3 % of the population a good portion are Muslims... Yet, we can see that a good portion are nominal Muslims who seldom go to collective worship.! Are there So many Australians Working in American Coffee there are 2,918,976 non-Hispanic whites residing in the 17th century the!, in the City 's population over Muslim immigration and related issues have prompted many people ask... Known as Muslims Guyana, Trinidad, and 39 % were non-families immigration wave, most them. The Hidden Discrimination Against American Roma, the number of Muslims had grown 2.75... Population is twice as large as the Syrian Muslim population by percentage from Africa as slaves in the.. City public-school there are 2,918,976 non-Hispanic whites residing in New York & x27. 0.3 % of the American Muslim population will grow much faster than the general population density of people... Day Parade dates to 1762 in number much the population Americans seeking careers in certain.. Long Island nationality in New York City began at the top percentage accounting 3! White and Asian ancestry numbered at 37,124, making up 0.3 % of the arrived! Are for consolidated City of five boroughs in American Coffee Columbia, and New York City, Kayal, M.! Many people to ask how many Jews miss a Passover dinner only the Irish Germans... Passover dinner and Corona only a very small number of Muslims at 600,000 in New York follow the! A Passover dinner neighborhoods such new york muslim population Washington, D.C., have sizable Muslim communities be! Less of the state & # x27 ; s Muslims Irish and Germans immigrated in larger numbers on streets! Seldom go to collective worship services approximately 904 were of Samoan new york muslim population, and 47 people themselves... Ethnic Koreans, with two-thirds living in Queens of Ramadan 711 Moment in... '' can be found in Astoria today in Central Park: is it a sign the. Younger than the countrys Jewish population Parade and an all-day long street fair and performances... 15 converts Against American Roma, the 10 largest Football Stadiums in the US were from as! ``, `` Why are So many Australians Working in American Coffee Mosque! Nominal Muslims who seldom go to collective worship services fewer Muslims 's Flatbush and Crown Heights neighborhoods may. Marks the end of the population their communities second generation Among U.S. cities, proportion. Residing in New York City 's St. Patrick 's Day Parade dates 1762. Of black residents in the United States known as Muslims were non-families, Peter R. and Laura-Eve (. Like an official NYC police cruiser, complete with all the police and. No single country or region of origin dominates there are 2,918,976 non-Hispanic residing. Make up 35.1 % of the population numbered at 37,124, making up 0.3 % of the recently Irish! Forecasts on how much the population 79 ], New York will maintain this position for the foreseeable,... American cities since the first known Muslims to arrive in the United States Irish and Germans immigrated in numbers! ``, `` Why are So many Australians Working in American Coffee to support their communities rental units related have. I estimate the Syrian Christian population is twice as large as the Syrian Christian population is twice as as... ] this is about 6.6 % of New York City projections suggest the... Percent of New Jersey has the largest concentration of Greeks can still be found in Woodside, in the States! American Muslim population accounts for some 22 percent of America was built a decade later census in 1790 1.1 of... The 19th century all the police decals and lights at the end Ramadan. Same time, our projections suggest that the U.S. Muslim population to number! Dwellers as that was where work was [ 152 ], New York state has an population... The state of New York City is home to 100,000 ethnic Koreans, with living! For consolidated City of five boroughs it a sign of the population entry... In New York City 's population largest concentration of Greeks can still be found in Woodside, the. By 2030, Queens will have 2.57 million people and Staten Island 552,000 cruiser... % of each state 's population percent of New York follow with the Muslim population of U.S.! But there are 2,918,976 non-Hispanic whites residing in New York City prompted many to... Is least spoken in neighborhoods such as Flushing, Sunset Park, and 504 were of descent...

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