The glycol oxyalkylate polyol blends may be polyols oxyalkylated with C1-4 epoxides. 5c, and consists of 18% benzene and 46.5% toluene and 35.5% of other components. No. After the water has been removed entirely from the biomass, the applied temperature causes hot localized areas within the biomass that initiate carbon formation. In the present invention, the optionally substituted hydrocarbyl group Y may contain one or more functional groups such as carbonyl, carboxyl, nitro, hydroxy, halo, alkoxy, tertiary amino (no NH linkages), oxy, cyano, sulphonyl and sulphoxyl. The total amount of phosphorus in the lubricating oil is preferably in the range of from 0.04 to 0.1 percent by weight, more preferably in the range of from 0.04 to 0.09 percent by weight and most preferably in the range of from 0.045 to 0.09 percent by weight, based on total weight of the lubricating oil. Since the water is no longer in solution, it can form droplets which can supercool to below 0C (32F). Examples of suitable gasolines include gasolines which have an olefinic hydrocarbon content of from 0 to 20 percent by volume (ASTM D1319), an oxygen content of from 0 to 5 percent by weight (EN 1601), an aromatic hydrocarbon content of from 0 to 50 percent by volume (ASTM D1319) and a benzene content of at most 1 percent by volume. The number of 2.63 kg of carbon dioxide from 1 liter of Diesel is close to the values found in the literature. Also suitable for use herein are gasoline blending components which can be derived from a biological source. Such polyisobutene-Mannich bases are described in particular in EP-A-831 141. Acids that may be used to form the salt derivative may be selected from organic or inorganic acids. 5,378,348, U.S. Pat. [3] In the United States, ASTM International produces standards for civilian fuel types, and the U.S. Department of Defense produces standards for military use. Examples of oxygenated hydrocarbons that may be incorporated into the gasoline include alcohols, ethers, esters, ketones, aldehydes, carboxylic acids and their derivatives, and oxygen containing heterocyclic compounds. A particularly preferred ester compound for use herein is a C7-C9 ester of trimethylolpropane commercially available under the tradename Priolube 3970 from Croda Europe Limited. a carboxylate anion), anions derived from compounds containing a hydroxyl group (e.g. Privacy Policy An embodiment featuring a biofractioning process is shown in Figs. The released heated water vapor is then subjected to a pressure shock, which compresses the steam, thus accelerating the biomass decomposition. The amount of additive in the lubricant, at the start and accumulated by the end of test, was measured by GC for the POA5 and Priolube 3970 or LC-MS (liquid chromatographymass spectrometry) for FM10. Thus, a thorough investigation should be conducted on the . The catalysts that can be used in the conversion include aromatization catalysts, gas-upgrading catalysts and dehydration catalysts. There are many uses for NGLs, spanning nearly all sectors of the economy. Thus, in a preferred embodiment, the lubricating oil composition may contain one or more salicylate detergents. As used herein, the term 'biomass' includes any material derived or readily obtained from plant sources. Preferably all of the hydroxy groups are esterified. Yen-Hsiung Kiang, in Fuel Property Estimation and Combustion Process Characterization, 2018. Density (kg/m3) 4. The hydrocarbons in a gasoline may be derived by any means known in the art, conveniently the hydrocarbons may be derived in any known manner from straight-run gasoline, synthetically-produced aromatic hydrocarbon mixtures, thermally or catalytically cracked hydrocarbons, hydro-cracked petroleum fractions, catalytically reformed hydrocarbons or mixtures of these. R+ is preferably a quaternary ammonium group. The fuels were characterized by GC/MS, SEP-GC/MS (for quantification of oxygenated molecules), viscosity, density, water content, water solubility at 0 C . The lubricating oil compositions may additionally contain an ash-free dispersant which is preferably admixed in an amount in the range of from 5 to 15 percent by weight, based on the total weight of the lubricating oil composition. No. The anion Xq of the compound of formula (III) may conveniently be a sulphur-containing anion, such as an anion selected from sulphate and sulphonate anions. The present application claims the benefit of pending European Patent Application No. The use of liquid natural gas (LNG) as a fuel is an essential step towards making Europe carbon neutral. A fuel component, comprising: It is possible that supercritical conditions are created internally with some pressure and temperature profiles. (a) a base fuel suitable for use in an internal combustion engine; (b) a first fuel additive selected from one or more viscosity control agents having: (i) a kinematic viscosity at 100 C. of 27 cSt or less; and, (ii) a NOACK volatility at 250 C. of 100% wt or less; and. 6 In the compounds of formulae (I) and (II), the optional substituents in the group A are preferably selected from hydroxy, halo or alkoxy groups, more preferably C1-4 alkoxy groups. Jet fuel is very similar to diesel fuel, and in some cases, may be used in diesel engines. The fact that there are few alternatives to petroleum for aviation fuel adds urgency to the search for alternatives. It is known that supercritical fluids can improve heat transfer as well as accelerate reaction rates. The (active matter) concentration of any detergent in the diesel fuel composition will preferably be in the range from 5 to 1500 ppmw, more preferably from 10 to 750 ppmw, most preferably from 20 to 500 ppmw. Kerosene is used in kerosene lamps and as a fuel for cooking, heating, and small engines. OSTI.GOV Patent: Process for preparing a liquid fuel composition. {\displaystyle 0.75kg/L\cdot {{\frac {6\cdot 12}{6\cdot 12+14}}\cdot 1}\cdot {\frac {44}{12}}=2.3kg/L}. The C4+ compounds can comprise compounds primarily with 4 to 16 carbon atoms. Only emails and answers are saved in our archive. When oxygenated hydrocarbons are present in the gasoline, the amount of oxygenated hydrocarbons in the gasoline may vary over a wide range. Another preferred class of friction modifiers for use herein is alkoxylated amides or esters such as those disclosed in WO2010/05720. The distillate comprises 2.9% of the total and contains 53% benzene and 1.8% toluene, significantly more benzene and significantly less toluene than the distillate that was not subjected to dehydration. In some embodiments of the invention, a fourth fuel component can comprise one or more C compounds derived from biomass conversion using ramps of 4+temperature under pressure, wherein the fourth fuel component has an initial boiling point in the range of 120C to 220C, a final boiling point in the range of 220C to 320C, and a sulfur content of at most 10 mg/kg. The diesel base fuel may itself comprise a mixture of two or more different diesel fuel components, and/or be additivated as described below. The flight from, A consortium consisting of Boeing, NASA's, 24 commercial and military biofuel flights have taken place using, This page was last edited on 11 October 2022, at 14:50. E100 fuels as used in Brazil are also included herein. Examples of such components can be found in WO2008/135602. The total amount of lubricating oil incorporated in the lubricating oil composition is at least 60 percent by weight, preferably in the range of from 60 to 92 percent by weight, more preferably in the range of from 75 to 90 percent by weight and most preferably in the range of from 75 to 88 percent by weight, with respect to the total weight of the lubricating oil composition. 5,000,792 and U.S. Pat. The lubricating oil composition preferably has a sulphur content of not greater than 1.2 percent by weight, more preferably not greater than 0.8 percent by weight and most preferably not greater than 0.2 percent by weight, based on the total weight of the lubricating oil lubricating oil composition. Most liquid fuels in widespread use are derived from fossil fuels; however, there are several types, such as hydrogen fuel (for automotive uses), ethanol, and biodiesel, which are also categorized as a liquid fuel. In these studies, metal discs were launched from a gas gun at high velocity and impacted an epoxy or Plexiglas target in which a carbon resistor was embedded. 3 vehicles of Five models (see Table 3) completed 10,000 miles of on-road mixed driving style mileage accumulation. Most of the exhaust comes from chemical combinations of the fuel and oxygen. BMF char is then ready for sequestration process 80. This compression memory is at least partly utilized in embodiments of the invention. Examples of carboxylic esters of long-chain alkanols are in particular esters of mono-, di- or tricarboxylic acids with long-chain alkanols or polyols, as described in particular in DE-A-38 38 918. More preferably, the amount of the performance package present in the liquid fuel composition of the present invention additionally accords with one or more of the parameters (i) to (xv) listed below: In the liquid fuel compositions of the present invention, if the base fuel used is a gasoline, then the gasoline may be any gasoline suitable for use in an internal combustion engine of the spark-ignition (petrol) type known in the art, including automotive engines as well as in other types of engine such as, for example, off road and aviation engines. The chemicals used in this study, sodium hydroxide, nitric acid, are reagent grade obtained from Aldrich. Therefore, the anion Xq of the compound of formula (III) can also be any non-sulphur-containing anion (or mixture of anions) suitable to balance the positive charge of the poly(hydroxycarboxylic acid) amide cation, such as a non-sulphur-containing organic anion or a non-sulphur-containing inorganic anion. A typical commercial mixture may also contain ethane and ethylene, as well as a volatile . Examples 3 and 4 confirm that both friction modifiers and VCA chemistry can be transferred from the fuel to the lubricant, and, from Example 3, provide fuel economy benefits. No. 2 is a flow diagram of the basic stages of the processes in a biomass fractioning system as they progress in time. 1. Worldwide demand of jet fuel has been steadily increasing since 1980. The preparation of poly(hydroxycarboxylic acid) and its amide or other derivatives is known and is described, for instance, in EP 0 164 817, WO 95/17473, WO 96/07689, U.S. Pat. Such fuels will typically have boiling points within the usual diesel range of 150 to 400 C., depending on grade and use. 5,502,086 and EP-A-0,496,486. Historically, in Europe lower sulfur levels than in the United States were legally required. Further preferred additives comprising monoamino groups (A1) are the hydrogenation products of the reaction products of polyisobutenes having an average degree of polymerization of from 5 to 100, with nitrogen oxides or mixtures of nitrogen oxides and oxygen, as described in particular in WO-A-97/03946. ", "The Navy Just Turned Seawater Into Jet Fuel", "U.S. Navy to turn seawater into jet fuel", "World First Synthetic Kerosene Takes to the Air", "Officials certify first aircraft for biofuel usage", "Fat Replaces Oil for F-16s as Biofuels Head to War: Commodities", "UOP To Develop Technology to Produce Bio JP-8 for Military Jets", "Air Force jets perform first flyover using alternative fuel", "A Promising Oil Alternative: Algae Energy", "Crop this: Virgin takes off with nut-fuel - 26 Feb 2008 - NZ Herald: New Zealand Business, Markets, Currency and Personal Finance News", "Velocys press release, "Partnership formed, aimed at waste-to-jet-fuel plants in UK", "United flies first US passengers using fuel from algae", "United Airlines Flies First U.S. Commercial Advanced Biofuel Flight", "Solazyme completes first commercial flight on biofuel", "More airlines fold as fuel prices soar: IATA", "Revised ASTM Standard Expands Limit on Biofuel Contamination in Jet Fuels | www.astm.org", "Council Directive 2003/96/EC of 27 October 2003, restructuring the Community framework for the taxation of energy products and electricity", "Modulation of bronchial epithelial cell barrier function by in vitro jet propulsion fuel 8 exposure", "Long-term exposure to jet fuel: an investigation on occupationally exposed workers with special reference to the nervous system", "Potential Risks to Hearing Functions of Service Members From Exposure to Jet Fuels", "Effects of concurrent noise and jet fuel exposure on hearing loss", "A review of health effects associated with exposure to jet engine emissions in and around airports", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jet_fuel&oldid=1115451244. 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