PDF Fuel properties - webserver.dmt.upm.es 6. Several correlations for predicting dead oil viscosity are available in the literature. You have 100 liters of a fuel oil with a density of 800 kg/m3 at 200C. A total of 30 heavy oil samples of different API gravities ranging from 11.7 to 18.8 were tested. This chart shows the R 1.76. The values of critical parameters (P The graphical approach in Fig. The ASTM indicates that dead oil viscosity is labeled according to its standard API at 15.5C. 5: It is a mixture of 75% to 80% of No. In Assessment and development of heavy oil viscosity correlations, international thermal operations and heavy oil symposium. Table7 shows a summary of the ten evaluated models with all their data ranges. HFO is used as a marine engine fuel because of its cheapness, but it does contain a lot of impurities and must be kept at a high temperature both during storage and use in ships main engines. Another application of the EoS was made but this time using the Pederson corresponding state with the PengRobension EoS this trail also gave us a very high absolute error with the value of 126%. Before developing the new viscosity model, understanding the relationship between the input and output variables is essential; specifically, identifying which parameters are insignificant and can be eliminated from the final model and the parameters that are highly correlated with the output. In the Density vs temperature figure(C), you se that the light blue line represent this fuel oil.Then, use the light blue line in the Fuel oils volume correction figure (Density@Observed T/Density@15C). [28]. Correspondence to Another statistical test was performed on the data and the models; a measure of the standard deviation (SD) was performed between the experimental and calculated data with Eq. The lighter crudes have the higher API gravity. AddThis use cookies for handling links to social media. sc is the measured density at standard conditions kgm3. This division drastically increased the accuracy of the model and reduced its relative error. Then, use the light grey line in the Crude oil volume correction figure (Density@Observed T/Density@15C). Fluid densities have been estimated using Standing (1957) method, with n correction factors. 2) of 0.98. You have 1000 m3 of a heavy crude oil with a density of 970 kg/m3 at 15C. Presently, I know the viscosity of a Heavy Fuel Oil which is 1200 cSt at 50 deg C. The results of this test are shown in Table8. AddThis use cookies for handling links to social media. The maximum limit of carbon residue content in fuel is 22 %. Or, if you know the base volume and density, you can use the volume correction factor to calculate the volume at another temperature. Deviation of the experimental from the predictive values using the high-temperature model (T>100C), Assessment of the measured viscosity data with the proposed models on randomly selected samples with different API values, Bar chart for the R 2 value (0.97), followed by the model proposed by Standing (0.95). Statistical analyses were conducted randomly for 376 data points of the 30 dead crude oil samples. As per the test procedures, triplicate measurements were performed, and the average was used. Ash content By their nature and definition such compounds are less prone to degradation in the environment and are thus recognized as environmentally persistent. The carbon residue of a fuel is the tendency to form carbon deposits under high temperature condition in an inert atmosphere, and may be expressed as either Conradson Carbon Residue (CCR) or Micro Carbon Residue (MCR). The mammalian health effects data are derived primarily from dermal studies as this is the primary route of human contact. This is a reference index containing a listing of the ignition standard of Heavy fuel oil. A total of 30 heavy oil samples of different API gravities ranging from 11.7 to 18.8 were tested. 2. 4. Fuel Oils - General Aspects - MST Fuel oil - Wikipedia Hossain et al. Packaging, transportation and storage After multiple regression analysis of all the experimental viscosity data, and using many forms for a viscosity equation as a function of density and temperature, the results show that the following functional form was set to be presented the data in this work. Prior to the analysis, each sample was shaken vigorously using open-air platform shakers to achieve homogeneity. Osamah Alomair. The maximum limit of water content in fuel is 1 %. (Easy check: Lowest volume at the lowest temperature). 6; sometimes it is just a heavy distillate (~ diesel distillate or residual fuel oil). Please read Google Privacy & Terms for more information about how you can control adserving and the information collected. The calorific value of heavy fuel oil (HFO) is at 39 MJ/kg according to Seni et al. Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO) or Black Oil is one of the least expensive of the refined oil fuels and generally can only be used by facilities that have preheating capabilities. The volume of your crude oil at 15C is 100liters*0.965 = 97 liters. Flow of Heavy Oils at Low Temperatures: Potential Challenges and Recent developments in improved oil technologies have increased the demand for heavy oil in the international market. b), as shown in Table2. 2 of 0.97. It allows obtaining the viscosity from the measure of the density. These applications will - due to browser restrictions - send data between your browser and our server. Heavy Fuel Oil - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics Experiment temperature, . (Easy check: Lowest volume at the lowest temperature). Some results showed good agreement with the data, whereas other models had poor predictive capabilities. 135. It thus became the standard fuel for large marine diesel engines during the oil crisis in the 1970s and 1980s, and it required extensive adaptation of the injection system and other components of low and medium speed engines which are still the only reciprocating engines capable of running on HFO. 1987; Little & Kennedy 1968; Lohrenz et al. Good results of the proposed density model at normal and elevated temperatures could be observed with the average absolute error () of 0.04% and the coefficient of determination R The pressure correction factor was neglected because all the measurements were done on dead oil samples under normal pressure. 2 values, and the predicted data are scattered (Fig. Post combustion emits SOx to atmosphere in exhaust gases. Journal of Petroleum Exploration and Production Technology PDF Heavy oil viscosity and density prediction at normal and elevated These include tank condensation, leakage of steam from heating coils, and bunker tank leakage. Correlations for fuel oils density and temperature are calculated by use of tools based on ASTM D 1250-04 and IP 200/04 (API Manual of Petroleum Measurement Standards, Chapter 11- physical properties Data, Section 1:Temperature and pressure volume correction factors for generalised crude oils, refined products and lubricating oils). Distillate Bunker Oils (ISO 8217) Distillate Fuel Kin. As a residual product, HFO is a relatively inexpensive fuel it typically costs 30% less than distillate fuels (MDO/MGO) (Verlinkung). In the Density vs temperature figure (C), you see that the dark grey line represent this crude oil. Most of the published models for predicting the dynamic viscosity dead oils are unreliable in a wide temperature range. 6. Density: 4. "State system for ensuring the uniformity of measurements for the density of oil. Calorific Value (CV) Viscosity and density were measured in the temperature range from 20 to 160C. Then, use the light grey line in the Crude oil volume correction figure (Density@Observed T/Density@15C). Or, if you know the base volume and density, you can use the volume correction factor to calculate the volume at another temperature. This value is the first parameter for any model, and the second parameter is the value of the measured temperature. is the change in density due to the thermal expansion of oils as described in Eq. The tables for recalculation" standard. The flash point is between 65 and 85 0 C. The lower calorific value is normally from 44000 to 45000 kJ/kg. Only emails and answers are saved in our archive. The results based on these numbers were randomly divided between training and testing parts in a ratio of 3:1. The experimental data of the viscosity and the density of 30 dead heavy oil samples with different API values were measured in the temperature range of 20160C. Drill Prod Pract, American Petroleum Institute, New York, 275284, Standing MB (1957) Drilling and production practice: API, USDOE, United States Department of Energy (1995) Data from the 1995 US Heavy Oil Database. Figure5 is a bar chart showing the measured values of the linear regression correlation coefficient, R However, the proposed model significantly minimizes the relative error and increases the correlation between the predicted and experimental data compared with other published methods. 2 and No. Fuel 78:891903, Glaso O (1980) Generalized pressurevolumetemperature correlation for crude oil system. The overall result shows that it is not an easy task to generalize a dead oil viscosity model along with the API and temperature. 2, for all the models. 4: This fuel oil is usually a blend of distillate and residual fuel oils, such as No. This distribution shows how this work is the best representative of the studied data with the tightest error distribution. The results for the low-temperature region were in good agreement, with the average relative absolute error approximately 8.5%. We don't save this data. It was found that it is not possible to generalize a correlation for the heavy oil viscosity using only API and temperature. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. Each crude-oil field has a different composition, that can be established by a combination . c, T Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Elsharkawy AM, Alikhan AA (1999) Model for predicting the viscosity of Middle East crude oils. No. The model created by Standing in 1947 gave the most acceptable results among the ten published models. Add standard and customized parametric components - like flange beams, lumbers, piping, stairs and more - to your Sketchup model with the Engineering ToolBox - SketchUp Extension - enabled for use with the amazing, fun and free SketchUp Make and SketchUp Pro .Add the Engineering ToolBox extension to your SketchUp from the SketchUp Pro Sketchup Extension Warehouse! Crude oil is classied as light or heavy oil based on different physical properties, such as molecular weight, viscosity, density, and API gravity. The goal was to create models in the following formats for the density and viscosity predictions. These approaches were (A) squaring the Pearson product moment correlation coefficient, (B) relative error, (C) standard deviation, and (D) cross plots. Additionally, viscosity and density are important guidelines for numerical simulations to determine the economics of the Enchanted oil recovery (EOR) project and the success or failure of a given EOR scheme. See also similar correlations for lubricating oil, fuel oils and jet fuel.Volume correction factors can be used to calculate the volume of a crude at base temperature (15C/59F) if you know the density and volume at another temperature. The proposed model shows the lowest SD while the other model do not show a very good result specially when the SD is above 1000cP. 12.23. The TBP distillation was carried out in the AUTODEST 800 Fisher GmbH backed column, equivalent to 15-trayes according to ASTM D 2892 for the test exposed to the atmosphere and according to ASTM D 5236 for the test under vacuum. The correlation parameters for the normal and high temperature ranges must be re-evaluated to generalize the prediction ability of the model to represent the whole set of crude oil viscosity data. 5. Examples of the use of the figures are given below the figures. Sulphur is soluble in water therefore it cannot be removed by centrifuge treatment. This work was supported and funded by Kuwait University, Research Grant No. 0 is the dilute gas viscosity, is the molar density, b is the co-volume, is the value of the equilibrium radial distribution function at a distance equal to the molecular diameter from the center of an individual molecule, and T g is the universal gas constant. After tuning the EoS parameters, the average error was successfully dropped to 2.3%, compared with 22.5% before tuning. Cetane number is the equivalent reference for light fuel oil such as diesel oil. r is the reduced temperature T Kuwait University, Safat, P.O.Box 5969, 13060, Kuwait, Kuwait, Osamah Alomair,Abullhaq Alkoriem&Mohamed Hamed, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Kuwait, Kuwait, You can also search for this author in The principal objective of this paper is to obtain exact models that can successfully predict these two important fluid properties covering a wide range of temperatures. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in Heating oil should not be mixed with oil of tar origin to prevent its degradation. The proposed model and the literature models were tested on heavy oil samples. Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO) is the residual product that remains after refining the crude oil. In Data from the 1995 US Heavy Oil Database. The density of spilled oil will also increase with time, as the more volatile (and less dense) components are lost, so that, after considerable evaporation, the density . The full regulations for packaging, transport and storage are specified in STN 65 7991 as well as in follow-up standards and regulations. c are the critical temperature and pressure, respectively, T The recalculation of the density of oil for different temperature and pressure values. Intermediate crudes fall between 22 and 38. "State system for ensuring the uniformity of measurements for the density of oil. Density of oil at given temperature and pressure is expressed via density of oil at 15 deg C and zero overpressure - temperature correction coefficient, calculated according to the formula Viscosity. It is also used as a principal fuel in marine applications and large diesel engines. 2 values for each of the models when applied on our data. 6 fuel oil; NSFO (Navy special fuel oil) . We don't collect information from our users. Other authors suggest that the variation in compositions is why correlating the viscosity of heavy crude with high accuracy is improbable (Beal 1946). . Part of Springer Nature. Calculation precision. Density by areometer scale, g/sm. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. For the high temperature region, the average relative error was 7% for the training part and 8% for the testing part, as shown in Fig. Marine diesel or heavy fuel oil are toxic residuals from the distillation of crude oil with a boiling temperature between about 350 C and 500 C and a significantly increased viscosity compared to diesel. Knowing the viscosity of the heavy fuel oil is required the temperature range required for satisfactory injection at the fuel atomizer, and efficient combustion. PDF Density of Fuel Oil - 137.229.65.15:8090 6. Therefore, a real physical property was selected as the intermediate parameter, such as density, and the density was modeled using API and temperature. Oiltanking: Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO) The Need for Treatment of Heavy Fuel Oil Before Use Several empirical models for estimating the viscosity of dead oils were evaluated using dynamic viscosity data of heavy crude oils from the reservoirs of Middle East. Petroleum product density converter. 2 of (0.98 and 0.99) and an average absolute error () of 0.61 and 0.04%, respectively, as shown in Fig. How is the volume at 15C? 10. This is achieved by use of low steam coils in the bunker and storage tanks and a series of heaters between here and the engine fuel pumps and injectors to keep the oil between 104F in the main bunkers and 250F at the main engine injectors. HFO (Heavy Fuel Oil): a residual fuel oil (No. Annual technical meeting of the petroleum society of CIM, 9395. Beal created a chart that described the viscosities of 655 dead oil samples at 38C, representing 492 oil fields around the world and covering viscosities ranging from 0.8 to 155cP, gravities ranging from 10.1 to 52.5API and temperatures from 38 to 105C. JPT 1975:1440, Chapman S, Gowling TG (1970) The mathematical theory of nonuniform gases: an account of the kinetic theory of viscosity, thermal conduction and diffusion in gases. The specific gravity at 60F, API gravity, dynamic viscosity, and true boiling point for each fraction were measured as shown in Tables2 and 3. This graphical presentation also shows that the Standing model describes the data with some minor scattering points around the (y=x) line while the proposed model is giving the best prediction without any scattering between the experimental data and the models measured value. Density, g/sm. These properties are very important and should be evaluated precisely for reservoir simulation. Vegetables oils density and viscosity are reduced to match diesel fuel values by heating. Engineering ToolBox - Resources, Tools and Basic Information for Engineering and Design of Technical Applications! Chem Eng Res 67:329334, Beal C (1946) Viscosity of air, water, natural gas, crude oil and its associated gases at oil field temperature and pressures. 2022 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. The TBP distillation was performed at a pressure drop ranging from 760 to 2mmHg with a reflux ratio of 1:5. Normally the level of water in the fuel is very low, since an effort is made by the supplier to deliver the fuel as dry as possible. The density of HFO is limited to 991kg/m3 to facilitate efficient centrifuging. (2005) statistically analyzed a data bank covering the dead oil viscosity range of 22415cP and the temperature range of 51 to 93F for oil samples with gravities in the range of 15.8 to 22.3API. 0.149. Obtaining reliable viscosity and density measurements can be difficult, especially for live oil. Formulas are taken from Russia's GOST R 8.610-2004. In most cases, this parameter has no physical meaning. od is the density of the dead oil in kgm3, is the temperature and API@60F is the gravity of the dead oil measure at 60F. Some of these models are discussed in this paper, such as the Beggs and Robinson (1975) model for temperatures ranging from 21 to 146C and the Elsharkawy and Alikhan (1999) model based on crude oil samples from the Middle East for temperatures ranging from 38 to 150C. Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO) - live bunkers You have 1000 m3 of a fuel oil with a density of 960 kg/m 3 at 15C. In addition, refinery residues consist of heavy compounds that are less prone to evaporation and distillation. The viscosity was calculated using a transport model that is based on Enskogs theory (Chapman and Gowling 1970). The relationship between the viscosity and temperature could be described by Eq. "State system for ensuring the uniformity of measurements for the density of oil. The estimated uncertainty of the dynamic viscosity for all the measured ranges was not more than 9103mPas at 95% confidence interval. The values of \(\bar{a},\bar{b}\,{\text{and}}\,\bar{c}\) are 1.072408845, 0.00652625, and 0.0006639, respectively, with a regression coefficient (R Properties of Heavy Fuel Oil Used In Marine Diesel Engines The critical properties of each sample are calculated in Table4. At 250C the correction factor is 1.188. The combustion of HFO produces high levels of pollutants such as particulate matter, black carbon, sulphur oxide, nitrogen oxide, which have been linked to an increased risk of heart and lung disease as well as pre-mature death. Sulfur content is 0.5..2%wt. This range was chosen because this is the most common range of operation in reservoirs and pre-refinery processes. 10: where \(\hat{\mu }_{i}\), \(\mu_{i}\) Heavy fuel oil - Wikipedia The Heavy Fuel Oils (HFOs) category includes two finished products (residual fuels) and the primary refinery streams from which they are blended. Density can vary of course, and for heavy fuel oils this varies from 975 to 981 kg/m3 for 10cst oils (density at 15degC and viscosity at 100degC) to between 991 and 1010 kg/m3 for 55cst fuels. Online calculator: Density of oil - PLANETCALC viscosity calculation - Petroleum engineering general discussion - Eng-Tips 3. Temperature Mass of the fuel oil Volume of the fuel oil Density Uncertainty in density F g mL g/mL g/mL 5.4 5.4756 6.9 0.79 0.011 14.0 5.4663 6.9 0.79 0.011 2007). 3. J Petrol Explor Prod Technol 6, 253263 (2016). 10 are calculated by applying the equation at the critical point. The data were divided into two sets based on the temperature range. In this work, a temperature range between 20 C and 160 C was set to perform the experimental measurements of viscosity and density of the dead oil samples. However, this new model is easy to use, provides fair accuracy and precision over a wide range of heavy oil gravities, and could be used to predict better outcomes in future works. Google use cookies for serving our ads and handling visitor statistics. These values were subjected to a simple statistical analysis to assess the distribution of the data points (Table1). You may see ads that are less relevant to you. Therefore, developing a comprehensive model of viscosity to include different regions of the world seems to be a very challenging task. This equation can also be written using the compressibility factor (Z). Oil Fuel Properties - Global Combustion Any higher density than this will inhibit HFO water removal treatment through centrifuging. J Pet Sci Eng 8:221234, Little JE, Kennedy HT (1968) Calculating the Viscosity of Hydrocarbon Systems With Pressure Temperature and Composition. c, and is the acentric factor. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13202-015-0184-8, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13202-015-0184-8. The flash point of the liquid is the lowest temperature at which sufficient vapor is given to produce a flash on application of a flame under specified test conditions. The recalculation of the density of oil for different temperature and pressure values. Heavy oil viscosity and density prediction at normal and elevated temperatures. Table10 shows the average absolute error percent between the predicted value of the viscosity of each model and the experimental results along with the value of R Consequently, the dead oil viscosity (\(\mu_{\text{od}}\)) is considered to be a function of the absolute value of reservoir temperature (T) and the crude oil density (). Viscosity of Heavy Fuel Oil - Residual Fuel Oil - Anton Paar b is the boiling point. The minimum flash point for marine fuels in the machinery space of merchant ship is governed by the IMO; being set at 60o C to minimize fire risk during normal storage and handling. Petroleum product density conversion chart to the density at 20C. Fuel Oils - Densities vs. Temperature - Engineering ToolBox These dead oil measurements can be used as the starting point for live oil viscosity and density predictions. volume6,pages 253263 (2016)Cite this article. The dynamic viscosity, , of 30 dead crude oil samples in the temperature range from 20 to 160C was determined using an electromagnetic viscometer. Marine Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO) For Ships - Marine Insight (Centrifuges use centrifugal force to separate water from HFO, so the bigger the difference in density the greater removal of water ). It is an accepted fact that vegetable oil density decreases linearly with increasing temperature. Formulas are taken from Russia's GOST R 8.610-2004. The volume of your fuel oil at 100C is 1000m3*1.065 = 1065 m3. Thermophysical Properties: Engine Oil, Unused - Thermal-Fluids Central Thus, the viscosity is directly proportional to density and inversely proportional to temperature, with high correlation between the data. measurement of 0.0001. Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO) The generic term heavy fuel oil (HFO) describes fuels used to generate motion and/or fuels to generate heat that have a particularly high viscosity and density. Heavy oil viscosity and density prediction at normal and elevated temperatures, $$\rho_{\text{od}} = f\left( {T,API_{{@60\,^\text{{o} F}}} } \right)$$, $$\mu_{\text{od}} = f\left( {T,\rho_{od} } \right),$$, $$\rho_{od} = \bar{a} + \bar{b}\left( {{\text{API}}_{{{\raise0.7ex\hbox{${60\,^{o} F}$} \!\mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{60\,^{o} F} {60\,^{o} F^{{}} }}}\right.\kern-0pt} \!\lower0.7ex\hbox{${60\,^{o} F^{{}} }$}}}} } \right) + \bar{c}\left( T \right),$$, \(\bar{a},\bar{b}\,{\text{and}}\,\bar{c}\), $$\mu_{\text{od}} \,\alpha \,\,\left( {\frac{1}{{T^{b} }}} \right)$$, $$\mu_{\text{od}} \,\,\alpha \,\,c\ln \rho_{\text{od}} .$$, $${ \ln }\left( {\mu_{\text{od}} } \right) = \hat{a} + \frac{{\hat{b}}}{{T^{2} }} + \hat{c}\left( {\rho_{\text{od}}^{2} } \right)\ln \rho_{\text{od}} .$$, $$\rho \,\, = \,\rho_{\text{sc}} \, + \Delta \rho_{p} \,\, + \Delta \rho_{T} .$$, $$\begin{aligned} \Delta \rho_{p} \, & = \left[ {0.167\, + \,\left( {16.181} \right)10^{{0.0425\rho_{sc} }} } \right]\left( \frac{P}{1000} \right) \\ \Delta \rho_{T} & \, = \left[ {0.013\, + 152.4\,\left( {\rho_{sc} \, + \Delta \rho_{p} } \right)^{ - 2.\,45} } \right]x\left( {T - 520} \right) - \, \\ \quad \left[ {8.1\left( {10^{ - 6} } \right) - (90.06)x10^{{ - 0.764\,\left( {\rho_{sc} + \Delta \rho_{p} } \right)}} } \right]\left( {T - 520} \right)^{2}, \\ \end{aligned}$$, $$P = \frac{{R_{g} T}}{v - b} - \frac{a\left( T \right)}{{v\left( {v + b} \right) + b\left( {v - b} \right)}},$$, $$Z^{3} - \left( {1 - B} \right)Z^{2} + \left( {A - 3B^{2} - 2B} \right)Z - \left( {AB - B^{2} - B^{3} } \right) = 0.$$, $$a\left( {T_{\text{c}} } \right) = \alpha \frac{{R_{\text{g}}^{2} T_{\text{c}}^{2} }}{{P_{\text{c}} }}$$, $$b\left( {T_{\text{c}} } \right) = \beta \frac{{R_{\text{g}} T_{\text{c}} }}{{P_{\text{c}} }}$$, $$a\left( T \right) = a\left( {T_{\text{c}} } \right)\left( {1 + m\left( {1 - T_{\text{r}}^{{{1 \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {1 2}} \right. Learn how PLANETCALC and our partners collect and use data. The correlation coefficients were estimated to determine and to evaluate the strength of the dependency between each of these two variables.

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