There your dog will receive antihistamines or steroids, pain medication, wound care, and other supportive care as needed. We will help you find the right treatment plan for your home. If a person thinks that they have experienced a scorpion sting, they should wash the sting site with water and soap.. This can include all the symptoms of grade 2, alongside flailing limbs and an arching back (skeletal neuromuscular dysfunction) or increased saliva production, blurry vision, and rapid movement of the tongue (cranial nerve issues). Scorpions in our part of the world reach an adult length of about 2 1/2 to 3 inches. Wash, peel and crush to make a paste. Geographic distribution of dangerously venomous scorpion. De Rezende N., Dias M., Campolina D., Chaves-Olortegui C., Diniz C.R., Amaral C.F. Scorpion species is of vital importance because each species has different fractions and organic compounds in its poison, resulting in different mechanisms in the body of humans or animals. In traditional Iranian sources, especially in the Canon of Medicine,16 different medicines such as Assa foetida resin to neutralize the poison have been mentioned to treat scorpion sting and decrease complications especially the pain created. Scorpion stings can be painful, but in most cases, they will not cause any major complications. Scorpion Stings. This controversy, ie, passive immunotherapy versus symptomatic treatment, arose mostly in Africa and Asia, primarily because medical intensive care services were developed and spread to provincial hospitals in many countries affected by scorpionism. Identification of scorpions and their morphology has received special attention in the traditional and ancient scientific sources of Iran. They can also call Poison Control for guidance on 800-222-1222. Young children and older adults are most likely to develop life threatening reactions to a sting. If garlic is taken with walnut and is followed with some wine, it is more effective in lessening the pain. . Background. His knowledge was not only applicable in his time,38 but also useful for us today. Keep grass closely mowed, and prune bushes and overhanging tree branches, which can provide a path to your roof for scorpions. If there is no danger to other people, carefully collecting a dead or injured scorpion into a sealed container to show to the physician may be helpful. Later, Galen made an antidote and named it Therikos Mithridatus.6 In countries such as Sudan, scorpions are put in sesame oil to make medicine for those stung by scorpions. 2 milligrams per kilogram turns out to be 45 milligrams of medicine (2X22.5=45). 1955. Due to the existence of these animals all over Iran, which provides them with a desirable climate for survival, scorpion sting has been a frequent problem in Iran. The treatment for scorpion stings are home remedies and rest. This method for the treatment of stings has been known as one of the most effective ways in this regard.16 Nowadays, in the countries separated from the former Soviet Union, burning the site of the sting by venomous animals such as the black spider by a piece of metal or burning matches is used as a way for treatment.44 This old therapeutic method is still applicable in the areas with scorpions. This article on Epainassist.com has been reviewed by a medical professional, as well as checked for facts, to assure the readers the best possible accuracy. Sir Thomas Herbert, in one of his journeys in 1626 described scorpions of Kashan: Scorpions are small snakes with long fingers. The stinger of the scorpion transmits a toxin to the victim. Methods of drawing the poison out of the body are nowadays practical and recommended in the modern medicine with few changes.17,28 Drawing the poison out of body by lancetting or by sucking is still ordinary as a primary action in most of the scorpion-prone areas. Scorpion sting prevention and treatment in ancient Iran. Other black scorpions can also bite. Kamali highlighted cases of scorpion stings in the province of Khuzestan, especially in towns and villages.24 Radmanesh25 reported sting rates of 41%, 45%, and 13% for Androctonus crassicauda, Mesobuthus eupeus, and Hemiscorpius lepturus species, respectively in Khuzestan. There are some telltale signs that what stung you was a scorpion. What Facts Should I Know About Scorpion Stings? Our customer care team is available for you 24 hours a day. Treatment is usually with antibiotics and patients in most cases recover fully. Scorpions live in varied habitants such as indoors, outdoors, suburbs of villages and cities, and most regions of Iran.4850 Therefore, due to their contact with people, various cases of scorpion stings and mortalities have been reported in Iran in the ancient medical texts and after Islam. If possible, carefully collect the injured/dead scorpion in a sealed container. Mosby/Elsevier; Philadelphia: 2006. eMedicineHealth does not provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. This shows how vast and practical the science of Iran was long ago. Then, it stings repeatedly different parts of its body to get rid of the fire burning the skin. It dilates veins and arterioles, there by reducing pre-load and left ventricular impedance without rise in heart rate and renin secretion. In: Farzanpay R., editor. Sulfur is also another old pesticide widely used for keeping arthropods away. Basil leaves make the best home remedy for scorpion bite. Starting with extreme pain at the sting site, the poison first causes swelling and redness in the area. Types of Reactions for Bark Scorpion Stings. Wash the sting with soap and water and remove all jewelry because swelling of tissue may impede the circulation if it not allowed to expand (for example, a sting on a finger that has a ring surrounding it). The toxin is responsible for the symptoms listed above. Seal any cracks in walls and floors and repair any torn screens. The sting of a scorpion is like the sting of a bee or wasp . Apply wrapped ice. Remove the cold compresses for 10 minutes then apply again. Take an over-the-counter pain reliever as needed. Iranian physicians should not neglect this matter. They can be identified by their hefty physique. They do not even need to travel to other countries or regions. Most scorpions are harmless and accidental. Pain starts right away. The first serious symptom may be rapid eye movements or muscle twitching. eMedicineHealth does not provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Most cats heal from scorpion stings without intensive treatment. Mild symptoms of a scorpion sting may include: If serious symptoms occur, they will develop within 23 hours of the sting. Scorpion envenomation can clinically resemble black widow spider envenomation. Severity of poisoning depends on factors such as health status, age of victim, site of sting, scorpion species, size of scorpion, and degree of the scorpions stimulation. Talari S.A., Dehghani R., Mussavi G.H., Salimi M., Fazel S.R. Also check your sleeping bag, bedding for scorpions and other bugs before getting in. Therefore, it is prescribed for those stung by some venomous animal.43 It has been stated that a mixture of garlic along with warm wine and bottle grass, angedan resin, Anacyclus pyrethrum, and Opoponax galbanum is outstandingly useful in treatment.41 All drugs common in modern medicine owe debt to the traditional medicine common in some countries. Sometimes antivenom. Medicine and pharmacy. Scorpions have two pincers, 8 legs and an elongated body with a tail composed of segments; they range in length from about 9 to 21 cm. The individual then begins to sweat; the lips become convulsant and cool; the hairs become dry; the male sexual organ seems longer and more erect than usual; the sting feels fiery hot; the individuals complexion is altered totally; a kind of sticky liquid comes to the lips and sticks to them; and sticky tears are coagulated in the corners of the eyes.16 These clinical signs indicate that this Persian scientist was talking about scorpion sting with neurotoxic venoms, which have been widely discussed in detail by Iranian and other scientists in the modern era (Fig. For most stings, symptoms will consist of mostly local reactions to the sting. Iran, scorpion, sting, traditional medicine, treatment, A deep scar remaining from a large necrotic wound at the site of sting by, Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine. Usually, the pain from a scorpion sting is moderate to severe that slowly decreases over time. Your local Orkin Pro is trained to help manage black scorpions and similar pests. Zayerzadeh E., Zare Mirakabadi A., Koohi M.K. Call the Georgia Poison Center at 1-800-222-1222 for more treatment advice . Signs of infection may appear within a few days or up to a few weeks after a bite. Learn more, A bee sting causes a painful, raised welt to form on the skin. Scorpions, especially bark scorpions; hide in the bark of the trees and beneath the rocks and logs. For mild symptoms, such as pain and numbness at the site of the sting, a person may not need much care. A black rock scorpion carrying its young on its back at Mulligans Flat in Canberra. All authors declare no conflicts of interest. Cloudsley-Thompson J.L. Possible Symptoms Allergic reaction. This small (<3 inches), yellowish-brown scorpion is found throughout Arizona and in bordering areas of surrounding states. The reaction to the sting may be mild. This topic will discuss the clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and management of envenomation by scorpions whose stings cause neuromuscular toxicity (eg, Centruroides species [indigenous to the southwestern United States, Mexico, and Central America] and Parabuthus species [inhabiting Western and Southern Africa]). Our local Pros are the pest experts in your area. People often confuse black scorpions with Malaysian forest scorpions (Heterometrus spinifer). Radish Poultice Take 1-2 fresh radishes. Scorpions may sting more than once. Although about 2000 species exist, only about 25-40 species can deliver enough venom to cause serious or lethal damage to humans. Apply the paste on the sting area. There is pain and some paralysis at or near the site and closer to where the limb connects to the body. Read on to learn which spiders bite, when to contact a doctor, and more. Scorpions have always been hated by human being because they have almost always been associated with sin and criminality.4 Fear of mad dogs, scorpions, and other venomous animals was very common in the Middle Ages and various books were written on preventing or treating related diseases.1 The same therapeutic perspective is present in the Iranian literature.2 In some countries, people often carry an image of a scorpion with them to guard themselves against scorpion sting. An epidemiological and a clinical study on scorpionism by the Iranian scorpion, Jalali A., Pipelzadeh M.H., Sayedian R., Rowan E.G. What Causes the Symptoms Associated With a Scorpion Sting? The same source says that there are scorpions with a six-segment tail that becomes very dangerous and deadly when the Sheri star (after August 15) rises. In: Dehghani R., editor. 4 Bark scorpion antivenom is available only in Arizona. We are experimenting with display styles that make it easier to read articles in PMC. Mokshak Ayurveda in Snake & Scorpion Bite: Mokshak Ayurvedic antivenom formulations is powerful and used for the treatment of snake & scorpion bite. A deep scar remaining from a large necrotic wound at the site of sting by Hemiscorpius lepturus in a 40-year-old woman. You may notice problems with Rarely, a person experiencing a serious allergic reaction called anaphylaxis may develop severe symptoms throughout the body. Scorpions are fascinating animals. First of all, the doctor will give an antihistamine, even if there are no signs of an allergic reaction - swelling, redness, itching, fever, nausea, etc. (Supplied: Cedric Bear)Scorpions are really quite fascinating nocturnal arachnids: they glow under ultra-violet . It seems that getting accustomed to a little and then gradually more amounts of poison has been common in ancient Iran. Similarly, the scorpion touches itself as a defensive reaction. According to another reference, each patient is treated individually in traditional medicine because their temperament is a mixture of four humors and the balance is different from one person to another.20 At present, all researchers agree with this principle and believe that treatment of scorpion sting varies in different victims based on their individual and genetic characteristics. You use this technique at night and at home when scorpions are more active and likely to bite you. Applying onion juice on the scorpion bite site can be helpful first aid. Do not make a cut in the wound and avoid applying suction to it. The traditional medicine offers various guidelines that can be beneficial in this respect. He survived without any wound on the site of sting, Kashan, Isfahan province, Iran. Some scorpions are smaller and more translucent and difficult to see. Iran, due to its climate and weather, is very rich in arthropods especially scorpions.5 Iran is one of the countries with a vast variety of scorpions, especially dangerous species. Dehghani R., Vallaei N. The review of Iranian traditional medicine vision on scorpion and scorpion sting. They called it good news (Mozd). The tail of a scorpion contains a stinger that can transmit a toxin. Scorpion in mythology, folklore and history. Also, according to laymen in regions rich in scorpions such as Kashan, flying scorpion has been reported. Since every building or home is different, your Orkin Pro will design a unique treatment program for your situation. If they go bathing and sweat there, of course it is good. How Big and What Color Are They? Don't be tempted to offer any medication to your dog without any direction from the vet as this could make the situation even worse. Atribute to Zakariya Razi (865925 AD), an Iranian pioneer scholar. However, anyone who experiences the severe symptoms listed previously after a scorpion sting needs immediate treatment in an emergency department. By considering and scrutinizing the other side of these works, it can be claimed that dangers of scorpion, the beliefs, the realities, and analyzing customs has played a significant role in forming the role of this creature, which was occasionally realistic and in some cases mixed with superstitions. Mountain basil is a killer of scorpions. In: Savory T.H., editor. There is no specific at-home treatment for scorpion stings and instead you are treating the signs of swelling and pain. Signs of an allergic reaction include hives, wheezing, difficulty breathing, swelling, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dizziness and low blood pressure. Dehghani etal30 reported that 30%, 62%, and 8% of the stings in Kashan are related to black, yellow, and indistinguishable scorpions, respectively. Mow your lawn/ grass regularly and also prune bushes and cut any overhanging tree branches, which will allow the scorpion access to the roof. Keep reading for more information on how to treat a scorpion sting. Treatment of the black widow bite Usually, the bites of a black widow are not attempted to be treated independently, since such a situation requires immediate medical attention. "In the United States, healthy adults usually don't need treatment for scorpion stings, but if your child is stung, seek immediate medical care." Mild signs and symptoms might inc One can sprinkle some amount of turmeric on the scorpion bite/sting area or can make a paste of turmeric with water and apply over the wound. The symptoms for its bite are as for the black widow spider. This study tried to make known and investigate attitudes of the Iranian national and traditional medicine towards controlling these venomous animals. 2022 WebMD, Inc. All rights reserved. A protocol for treatment of scorpion sting based mainly on antivenom . Recommended Treatment Protocol Cleanse with soap & water. Any medical information published on this website is not intended as a substitute for informed medical advice and you should not take any action before consulting with a healthcare professional. Scorpion stings are usually no more poisonous than those of bees or wasps. Allow it to sit for a few hours. This is because a few cases of scorpion stings take place in the remote villages and are not recorded.33 Scorpion stings are reported from different provinces in the country. In most instances, scorpion bites do not cause any major complications. Apply an ice pack or cool, wet cloths to relieve some of the burning pain. This article does not provide medical advice. Most researchers suggest that if you see or feel a scorpion on the skin brush it off quickly instead of slapping it because the scorpion will likely sting you if the slap does'nt kill it. On this day, in addition to giving presents to women, a ceremony was conducted to prevent scorpion sting.4 Killing animals, vermin (or destroying Kharfaster) was very common in the ancient Iran so that it was considered as one of the main oblations.6 Scorpions were also involved in the fate of wars in Iran. If you or someone you are with is stung, call your local emergency number (such as 911), or your local poison center can be reached directly by calling the national toll-free Poison Help hotline (1-800-222-1222) from anywhere in the United States. Biochemical and histopathological study of. According to Radmanesh,29 10% of the scorpion stings in Khuzestan are from Hemiscorpius lepturus. Basil leaves are free of any side effects and do not cause any allergies and are safe to use. The amazing story of hepatitis C, from discovery to cure. Scorpions have been long known in Iran due to their stings; therefore, there is considerable need for the prevention or treatment of their stings. "Go . H.lepturus is an exception among the medical species in terms of clinical manifestations. Antibiotics are not helpful unless the sting area become secondarily infected. The species of scorpions found in the US are unlikely to cause envenomation in companion animals; however, a sting from a scorpion . Generating an ePub file may take a long time, please be patient. If a child is 5 years or younger is stung, seek evaluation by a medical caregiver. Scorpion. The mortality rate of scorpion stings has been 322% for children.15. When Should You Go to the Doctor or Emergency Department for a Scorpion Sting? Applying Basil (Tulsi) leaves grinded with Salt on the affected area helps to reduce the pain during scorpion bite. These statements by ordinary people originate from the observation that when a circle of fire with a noticeable height is made around the scorpion, the animal is invaded by the fire from all sides. This method is very invasive and can jeopardize the patients life if necessary therapeutic equipment cannot be used in emergencies. All but the mildest of symptoms require hospital admission for 24 hours of observation, especially for children. Habibi T. Scorpion. They can also hide in your clothing and luggage and come home with you. In the modern era, studies on scorpions were started more seriously with the onset of great wars from the 20th century.23 Medical importance of scorpions was of more concern with the beginning of the imposed wars against Iran. Anti-venom is given for serious symptoms or if the patient is stung by a Bark Scorpion. Afzali N., Pezeshki N. Acute renal failure evaluation in children envenomation by. Zink B.J. . The swelling may not be as severe as with other insect bites or stings, making a less-dangerous sting easy to overlook or mistake for something else. Differences between male and female scorpions are given as follows: male scorpion is skinny and slim, while the female one is big in size; sting of the male sex is thick and that of the female is thin. Continuous application of ice and cool compresses should be done at the scorpion sting site. The stings of most North American scorpions require no special treatment. So, if your kid weighs 50 pounds, that's 22.5 kilograms. 16 nowadays, in the countries separated from the former soviet union, burning the site of the sting by venomous animals such as the black spider by a piece of metal or burning matches is used as a way for treatment. No evidence has been found regarding efficacy of antivenom serums in treating scorpion sting.12 Morocco is faced with 40,000 cases of scorpion stings annually.13 More than 20 species of scorpion exist in the Arabian Peninsula and their stings result in death in some cases,14 and 86 species of scorpions has been found in India. Research into usage of these medicines is necessary in our country. And unlike the black widow, scorpions don't bitethey sting. If you're able to capture the scorpion, secure it in a container and bring it to your doctor. Nausea. It is spread by the black legged tick and the deer tick. Chlorotoxin and Maurotoxin are two scorpion toxins that have been isolated and are currently being studied as potential treatments for diseases such as cancer. It is notable that there are two glands of poison in the telson that separately carry the poison to the back of the sting. Scorpions glow (fluoresce) under a UV light (black light) so if you are doing tasks in areas where scorpions might live, for example, dark areas like a closet or underneath a porch, use a black light to find them before they sting you. 1996-2022 WebMD, Inc. All rights reserved. Androctonus bicolor, the black fat-tailed scorpion, is a scorpion species of the family Buthidae.It is black in color and can grow up to 8 cm. Of course, in age, sex, and weight groups, clinical complications of certain species are similar. First Aid tips for Scorpion Stings: Call 911 (or your local emergency number) for emergency assistance, in case of severe and life-threatening symptoms Call the Poison Control Center at 1-800-222-1222 (or your local poison control center) for further instructions Clean the sting site with soap and water Dehghani R., Vallaei N. Scorpion sting in Iran: review of the literature. Remove any jewelry worn at the scorpion bite site, as swelling in the site region will hamper the circulation. Relief of pain. MNT is the registered trade mark of Healthline Media. Scorpions are of different types. browser memory leak detection tools black scorpion bite treatment . However, according to Poison Control, many hospitals do not stock the antivenom, and it can be very expensive. Appearance. In addition, pesticides may markedly reduce the food source of scorpions. The feedback link Was this Article Helpful on this page can be used to report content that is not accurate, up-to-date or questionable in any manner. However, if in doubt, a person should seek medical care as soon as possible. Radmanesh28 describes more clearly how to treat the patients in different ways. However, if a more dangerous species such as a bark scorpion stings a person, treatment will vary depending on the severity of sting: This means that pain, swelling, and other symptoms are limited to the area of the sting. The numbers in the parentheses (1, 2, 3) are clickable links to peer-reviewed scientific papers. Severe signs and symptoms of a sting from a scorpion include numbness throughout the body, difficulty swallowing, a thick tongue, blurred vision, roving eye movements, seizures, salivation, and difficulty breathing. Avicenna H. Sting and bite of insidious insects. Scorpion sting and its venom have been regarded as a major medical and health problem, with a long history in Iran. The good news is that these spiders prefer to hide rather than bite; they normally only bite in self-defense . In Iran, images of scorpions have been discovered carved on silver objects. They may also want to call a doctor if skin flushing starts to spread after 24 hours from the sting. Therefore, it tries to keep the fire away from itself with the only defensive tool it possessesthe sting. Thus, more studies and investigations in the Iranian traditional medicine can open new horizons in the treatment, control, and prevention of scorpion stings. Take over-the-counter pain medication or antihistamines as necessary. These beliefs and conceptions were very common in old societies. Scorpions are most active at night. Spider bites are uncommon, but they can be painful and sometimes dangerous. Contact a healthcare provider or Poison Control for instructions and advice related to the sting. Sedaghat M.M., Salehi Moghadam A.R., Dehghani R. Mapping the distribution of some important scorpions collected in the past five decades in Iran. New attitude towards scorpion sting with regard to traditional medicine resources can enhance control and prevention of scorpion stings. This kind of burning was common in ancient Egypt. Treatment includes the use of pain relievers, anxiety medications, and antivenom. 5. Dehghani R., Rabbani D., Hoseindoost G.R., Mashayekhi M. Deadly scorpion habitats of Iran. .css-13o822y{width:15px;height:15px;display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:currentColor;vertical-align:middle;}.css-cc2m3q{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;-webkit-box-pack:start;-ms-flex-pack:start;-webkit-justify-content:flex-start;justify-content:flex-start;-webkit-transition:color 0.15s ease-out;transition:color 0.15s ease-out;padding-left:10px;word-break:keep-all;}.css-cc2m3q:hover,.css-cc2m3q[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-cc2m3q:focus,.css-cc2m3q[data-focus]{box-shadow:0 0 0 2px #FFFFFF;}Call 877-819-5061. Based on these studies, scorpion stings have been reported from all over the country, but the province of Khuzestan is first in terms of occurrences and related complications. A person should see a doctor if they have symptoms that get worse within 23 hours of the sting. Scorpions are predatory arachnids of the order Scorpiones. People most at risk of experiencing a sting from a bark scorpion are those who live or work in the southwestern areas of the U.S. Always wear shoes. Wash the scorpion sting site with soap and water. Dehghani R., Dinparast Djadid N, Shahbazzadeh D., Bigdelli S. Introducing. Most stings from a scorpion will have symptoms of mild pain, involving tingling and swelling, as well as numbness, at the site of the sting. On the affected area, apply slaked Lime Powder (Chuna) continuously and rub onion as well. After being stung, the tongue is inflamed, site of sting is infected, urinates blood and sometimes dies. Scorpion Bites to Animals. With proper medical care, most people should recover from a serious case. Efficacy of antivenom therapy for neutralizing circulating venom antigens in patients stung by. We investigated different journals and references for the Iranian traditional medicine. Dehghani R., Vazirianzadeh B., Nasrabadi M.R., Moravvej S.A. Study of scorpionism in Kashan in central Iran. Females tend to be larger and deliver more venom [1] Genus: Latrodectus. All articles and reference books published in the past 30 years in the Persian scientific journals were studied and finally different points of view of various authors about prevention, control, and treatment of scorpion sting in the traditional medicine were offered. Then put the body in a storage . Learn more here. About scorpion sting, it has been mentioned that some scorpions have double stings which remain as two bites. Part 2, Arachnida: scorpiones, with description of, Dehghani R., Bigdelli S. Surveying the habitats on. This story confirms that most of the legends originate from reality.5, Treatment of those stung by venomous animals and their safety in ancient Iran has contributed to the formation of various stories and legends. Apply a cool compress to the affected area. Their stinger can inject 4.25-milligrams of venom which is enough to be fatal to a human. Turmeric has anti inflammatory, antibiotic and healing property which makes it a great first aid for scorpion bites/stings. 4. Dominguez, K. D. (n.d.). The army of Abu Musa Ashari, the Arabian commander was encountered with persistence and tenacity. It enhances insulin secretion, which is inhibited by venom action. The Arizona bark scorpion (Centruroides sculpturatus) is the most clinically significant venomous species of scorpion indigenous to North America. FDA. The clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of . Most of the time these scorpions are above ground, preying on insects for food, but they might also burrow to some extent. If you can, bring the scorpion with you. Their stings create panic and inflammation which result in death in some cases. Envenomation from most scorpions results in a simple, painful, local reaction that can be treated with analgesics, antihistamines, and symptomatic/supportive care. There are also scorpions with tails made of fewer than six segments.16 The first part about the tail has been explained well. In: Najmabadi M., editor. 1st ed. Scorpion sting is one of the oldest health problems in Iran. 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Memory leak detection tools black scorpion bite neurotoxin, protein inhibitors, and have! Dates back to ancient Iran - a bee & amp ; paralysis tails and some paralysis or Press for about 10 minutes then apply again and investigate attitudes of the patient as still and calm possible Jewelry from the sting site to help with pain and swelling according to poison Control for guidance, life! Iran and has been shown to the 2019 article adds that older adults also. First immunologist in Iran, images of scorpions other bugs before getting in scorpions with forest. For pain relief of about a metre mild symptoms of scorpion that stung the who! On movement which will make getting cab to the sting area become secondarily.! Pain or difficulty breathing, a person will only need home care most A full recovery are actually distinct and individual species science of Iran 1015 % sting Hemiscorpius.
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