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School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, Peoples Republic of China, Xuecheng He,Chuan Fan,Yong Luo,Tailin Xu&Xueji Zhang, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Research Center for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, Peoples Republic of China, You can also search for this author in In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles Soc. M.L., Y.P. }}}}}}{{{{{\bf{B}}}}}})\), where \({{{{{\bf{m}}}}}}\) denotes the magnetic dipole moment and \({{{{{\bf{B}}}}}}\) denotes the magnetic flux density29). Nano Energy 49, 603613 (2018). Hanikel, N. et al. Supplementary Fig. Sci. The ultrathin protein-bonding layer functioned as a key mediator to tune the silver conductance dynamically in response to external pressures and strains. Commun. By submitting a comment you agree to abide by our Terms and Community Guidelines. The Vanderbilt ultrasoft pseudopotential77 was used with a cut-off energy of 450eV. Nat. An ordered 3D network with a high mechanical strength was used as a crosslinking agent. The sensor was sensitive to pressure and field signals. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-32609-6, Z. Chen, H. Zhuo, Y. Hu, H. Lai, L. Liu et al., Wood-derived lightweight and elastic carbon aerogel for pressure sensing and energy storage. Introduction: All degrees are modular, with the equivalent of six modules in each year (note these may be split into sub modules). Shuiren Liu. Chem. Phys. Nat. Repeatability is another key performance for reliable SERS detection. Copyright (2016) WileyVCH. 31, 1806730 (2019). Nature Communications thanks Yufei Zhang and the other, anonymous, reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work. CAS Through the iterative analysis of data-driven sensing results, low-cost and compact sensor implementation can be realized. Phys. Nat. 19d-e). Adv Sci (2020). Mater. assisted with analytical and FEM simulations and preliminary experiments. All authors discussed the results and contributed to the paper. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201808829, M. Wang, Y. Qiu, J. Jia, C. Wang, J. Deng et al., Wavelength-gradient graphene films for pressure-sensitive sensors. Article Thus, these pressure sensors show significant potential for new applications. The resonator impedance obtained from experiment and that for the equivalent circuit model for the best fit parameters are shown in Fig. We use a portable and customized Raman analyzer with a friendly human-machine interface for portable recognition of the spectroscopic signatures of sweat biomarkers. c Photo, TEM image and d transmittance of transparent pressure sensors based on small size particles with low fill content [83]. supervised the project. However, the filling of water in open pores always leads to increased thermal conductivity, which causes more heat loss through conduction to the bulk water and weakens the heat localization effect. Moreover, due to autofluorescence and attenuation from deeper regions of the cytoplasm live fluorescence imaging is difficult except in the cortical cytoplasm23. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.0c04888, Y. Pang, H. Tian, L. Tao, Y. Li, X. 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And a variety of microstructures have been utilized in capacitive pressure sensors to achieve a fast response time in the ms range, including randomly distributed microridges [75] and porous pyramids [121]. Mater. An, Y. Huang, Q. Vo, J. Boonruangkan et al., Ultrasensitive anti-interference voice recognition by bio-inspired skin-attachable self-cleaning acoustic sensors. Copyright (2019) The Authors. 5, 15481554 (2020). These microstructures can be constructed directly in active materials [93] or by depositing functional materials on rough flexible substrates (microstructured PDMS, PU, Ecoflex, rubber, etc.) Bio-integrated wearable systems: a comprehensive review. Ethanediamine (EDA), a reducing agent of GO, was used to improve the GOs conductivity. Adv. 28, 1802938 (2018). & Lednev, I. K. Multidimensional Raman spectroscopic signature of sweat and its potential application to forensic body fluid identification. Stoltenberg, C.V.H.H. Technol. https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201805084, W. 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Source data are provided with this paper. Lithium chloride (99%) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Detailed information can be found in Supplementary Information. Figure2a shows a schematic representation of the experimental setup for wireless detection of Cell Rovers. Kim, H. et al. Nat. 8, 1207 (2017). h SEM image of hollow hierarchical structure [225]. Get time limited or full article access on ReadCube. J. Physiol. Nat Commun 13, 4911 (2022). The optimum DC bias magnetic field, also applied along the length, at which the magnetostrictivity is highest was found to be 125Oe for a resonator of this size. Rev. ac, SEM images of Pd needles, rods and particles, respectively. The SERS sensing performance of each sensor was experimentally determined with standard solutions containing different targeted analytes using a portable Raman analyzer. Zha, L.S. Funct. Nanotechnol. 21st Int. The powder was thoroughly washed with deionized water and ethanol by centrifugation and dried under vacuum at 80C for 12h. PPB electrodes were fabricated by first rolling the ground K0.220Fe[Fe(CN)6]0.805 powder, CNTs and PTFE in an agate mortar at a weight ratio of 7:2:1 to form a homogeneous mixture, which was then repeatedly compressed by a rolling machine 3~5 times to obtain a film with an average thickness of 100 m. proposed an e-skin based on laser-induced porous carbon on a starch film [115]. Hence, we measured the antenna response from inside the cell as a function of time for 40min and recorded the resonance frequency and signal amplitude as shown in Fig. This method is ideal for complex or curved surfaces. reported highly transparent iontronic pressure sensors created by filling porous PVDF film with ionic liquids (ILs) (Fig. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201500453, S. Jung, J.H. When the materials with this series of structures are compressed, the transverse and longitudinal shrinkage occur at the same time. Liu, M., Pang, Y., Zhang, B. et al. Rev. Continuous innovations towards developing new signal reading techniques are necessary to furnish our options for designing wearable sweat sensors. 2f). 29, 1702714 (2017). ACS Appl. 11, 2077 (2020). Virtual issue dedicated to the 25th Anniversary of the Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR, Singapore View the article. Mater. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202006612, A. Chortos, Z. Bao, Skin-inspired electronic devices. Remarkably, this portable device shows apparent superiority regarding the weight and space of the whole device, demonstrating exceptional performance considering these metrics. Biochimica et. h Compatibility study of simultaneous SERS detection of urea and lactate. 5i). Copyright (2018) WileyVCH. describes the capillary number in porous media [105,106]. Solar Evaporation Chem. 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Zhu et al., Machine learning glove using self-powered conductive superhydrophobic triboelectric textile for gesture recognition in VR/AR applications. comprehensively reviewed the application of ML technology in accurate diagnosis, triage and management of cardiovascular diseases (Fig. Angew. The measured lactate (with a main peak at 853cm1) contents were low (less than 1mM) when the exercise started, and increased to 9mM at the later stage of exercise activity. Therefore, the FEA could be conducted by numerically solving the Stokes equation for an incompressible flow coupled with the convection-diffusion equation44: Where p and C indicate pressure and solute concentration, respectively. It is worth noting that aerogels used in pressure sensors must be able to recover without collapse. Batteries. https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201601905, H. Wang, S. Li, Y. Wang, H. Wang, X. Shen et al., Bioinspired fluffy fabric with in situ grown carbon nanotubes for ultrasensitive wearable airflow sensor. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4751354, S.C.B. Recent works have focused on the following two aspects to solving these problems: (1) Optimizing the mechanical properties of the active layer by selecting materials with a suitable modulus, rapid deformation capability, low viscoelasticity, and strong bonding between the active material and the skeleton to prevent relative sliding and displacement. In recent years, highly flexible and wearable pressure sensors have been developed using various materials/structures and transduction mechanisms. Lett. Mass loading effect arises from a thin layer of liquid close to the resonator surface which is activated by its vibration which increases the effective mass of the resonator and this increase is characterized by the parameter \({m}_{w}\). Sci. Niu, S. et al. 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It can be a pressure-induced change in dielectric layer capacitance [68] (with the commonly used materials of polystyrene-block-poly (2-vinylpyridine) (PS-b-P2VP) [162], PDMS/rubrene [163], PDMS/PiliTSi [164]) or a change in gate voltage due to piezoelectric voltage or frictional voltage generated in a hybrid pressure sensor of piezoelectric transistor [67] or tribotronic transistor [165] with instead gate electrode materials (such as piezoelectric material of poly(vinylidene fluoride/trifluoroethylene) P(VDF-TrFE) [166] and ZnO [67]; triboelectric material of polyimide (PI) [165] and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) [167]). ACS Appl. & Tan, S. C. Best practices for solar water production technologies. Description of Additional Supplementary Files, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Nanotechnol. https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201901744, M. Cao, M. Wang, L. Li, H. Qiu, M.A. Hfig, H. et al. A., Abild-Pedersen, F., Studt, F., Rossmeisl, J. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Piezoelectric sensors are widely used to detect pressure and high-frequency vibration dynamically due to their high sensitivity and transient sensing ability. c, CO2 reduction performance of Au needles in saturated KHCO3 solution. Liang, Y. et al. Then solutions with different pH were carefully drop-cast onto the 4-MBA-modified plasmonic interface and the remaining SERS detection steps were similar to those above. 2(2), 862878 (2020). The formation of the wrinkles occurred due to the difference in the thermal expansion coefficient between graphene nanowalls (GNWs) and PDMS. Article Mater. With micro-to-nano hierarchical porous structure, the e-skin has high specific surface area for contact electrification and numerous capillary channels for thermal-moisture transfer. This approach was used since unlike conventional EM antennas, magnetostrictive antennas convert received power into strain energy due to which the conventional two-port S-parameter analysis is not possible. All our experiments complied with all relevant ethical regulations and were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c18543, J. Wen, Z. In this review, we summarize the current development of morphological engineering technologies for flexible pressure sensors. Kim et al., Ultra-sensitive pressure sensor based on guided straight mechanical cracks. The KS and K-PPB cells were cycled within the voltage ranges of 1.03.0V and 2.04.0V, respectively. In this work, the protrusions fabricated by duplicating sandpaper micro-rough structure can be bent and filled into concave parts upon compression, and the remaining gaps will become dense under further high pressures. ln, Activation energy analyses. The cells were stored in a 16C incubator in 1X Modified Barth Saline with 0.1mg/mL of pencillin-streptomycin as antibiotic prior to injection. The integrated SERS microfluidics was achieved by fixing the obtained Ag nanostructures inside the microchamber of the microfluidic layer, followed by encapsulation using double-sided tape (bottom layer) and Kapton tape (top layer, Supplementary Fig. Mater. Khatua et al., Bio-waste onion skin as an innovative nature-driven piezoelectric material with high energy conversion efficiency. Similar hot spot distributions were also found in the case of applying 633 and 532nm plane wave illumination beams, except for a slight decrease in the Ex (Supplementary Fig. Chen, S. Barman et al., Highly sensitive flexible pressure sensors with microstructured rubber dielectric layers. Codoped porous carbon nanofibres as a potassium metal host for Au NWs were mixed with the polyacrylamide (PAAm) hydrogel to enhance conductivity. Generation and phenotypic analysis of mice lacking all urea transporters. The maximum SAR value is found to be 2.26104W/kg which is approximately four orders of magnitude below the accepted limits for local exposure to electromagnetic fields (2W/kg12). For distances <~3.5mm away from the magnet surface, the Cell Rovers were found to penetrate the membrane on the side opposite to insertion indicating that the force is too high, whereas for distances >7.5mm the force was found to be not high enough to pull the Cell Rovers into the cell. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42256-021-00360-9, H. Yang, J. Li, K.Z. 322, 112633 (2021). Tsai, Self-powered pressure sensor with fully encapsulated 3D printed wavy substrate and highly-aligned piezoelectric fibers array. 5(4), 1901084 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2018.04.060, M. Cao, J. Su, S. Fan, H. Qiu, D. Su et al., Wearable piezoresistive pressure sensors based on 3D graphene. Furthermore, we experimentally measured the temperature variations of the sorbents, chamber, heating plate, and condensation cover during the regeneration and collection experiment. Copyright (2014) WileyVCH. Google Scholar. Inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) (Avio 500) and Ion Chromatography (ICS-5000+/900) were used to assess the water quality. Nanotechnol. C 9(3), 10141024 (2021). Am. 2, e1500323 (2016). 6(4), 14901499 (2021). Wang, M.A. Sci. Mater. J. Exp. Commun. AICHE J. The results open a new window of opportunity for the development of nanoscale pressure sensors, switches, and multi-physics devices using multilayered MoS2 and semiconducting transition metal dichalcogenides. Similarly, employing conductive materials with intrinsic high aspect ratio and high surface conductivity (e.g., metal nanowires) can decrease critical volume fraction of conductive layer to ensure a successive percolation network and maintain high transparency (Fig. Based on the whole empty volume (~11.8 L) and biofluid filling time (~14 min), the total flow rate was calculated to be about 0.84 L/min, viz., 0.14 L/min for each inlet. 32, 1907307 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202113082, C. Ma, D. Xu, P. Wang, Z. Lin, J. Zhou et al., Two-dimensional van der Waals thin film transistors as active matrix for spatially resolved pressure sensing. d System-level block diagram showing the internal functional modules of the portable Raman analyzer. Mater. Since the ILs had a refractive index (n=1.41), which is approximately equal to that of the PVDF (n=1.42), filling the pores with ILs produced a smooth surface and reduced light scattering, resulting in 94.8% transparency. 5, 1800558 (2018). Mater. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-19531-0, P. Lu, L. Wang, P. Zhu, J. Huang, Y. Wang et al., Iontronic pressure sensor with high sensitivity and linear response over a wide pressure range based on soft micropillared electrodes. Roll-to-roll gravure printed electrochemical sensors for wearable and medical devices. MXenebased dendritefree potassium metal batteries. reported a piezoelectric single electrode sensor, which can be installed in the door, window or safe box, the opening of related positions can be monitored and can be used to warn the user to check whether there is theft or illegal intrusion (Fig. Micromachining was also done on a DAD-3240 Diesaw with a 30-m thick diamond blade. Nature Communications thanks Jaume Esteve and the other, anonymous, reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work. Soc. Ouyang, Y. et al. 10a) [85]. Inspired by organelles with excellent signal transduction ability, Yin et al. (1). Further, Matusik and co-workers designed conformal tactile textiles, in the forms of socks, vest, gloves and robot arm sleeve, to assist the calibration (Fig. Publishers note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. By matching the energy demand of the above 8 water harvesting cycles and the performance of commercial PV modules under different weathers, we calculated the demand for solar panel areas, showing that solar panels with an area of 1.112.08m2 can meet the requirements of the water collection cycle shown above. 10, 163176 (2018). Click Go. Article ACS Appl. conceived, initiated and supervised the project, designed the experiments and analyzed the data. After normalizing the Raman intensity at the 1078cm1 band (aromatic ring vibrations), the ratio of Icbx/I1078 could be used to calibrate pH from 4 to 7 with a correlation coefficient of 0.947 (Fig. Self-assembly produces structures with regular morphology. To show this, we have performed a CST simulation with an ideally exaggerated case of a muscle tissue medium (conductivity=0.586S/m at 4.5MHz) with infinite boundary conditions, located 0.5mm below the plane of the Tx coil. 8, eabn1736 (2022). MathSciNet a 3D render of the designed portable sorption-based water harvester. Chem. Lim, C. Pan, T.V. https://doi.org/10.1109/Transducers50396.2021.9495428, J. Jia, G. Huang, J. Deng, K. Pan, Skin-inspired flexible and high-sensitivity pressure sensors based on rGO films with continuous-gradient wrinkles. 32, 2002936 (2020). Nature 537, 382386 (2016). Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Here, we introduce the Cell Rover, a magnetostrictive antenna which can operate wirelessly inside a living cell and is compatible with 3D biological systems. Adv. Mekonnen, M. M. & Hoekstra, A. Y. Genetically encoded Frster resonance energy transfer-based biosensors studied on the single-molecule level. Interfaces 6(10), 74797484 (2014). & Kiani, M. A figure-of-merit for design and optimization of inductive power transmission links for millimeter-sized biomedical implants. proposed a flexible sensor based on nanoscale crack junctions [98]. The dynamic sorption curve under these nonideal conditions indicated, as expected, the slower water uptake dynamics (Fig. Zhang, Y. et al. 5d, which perhaps originated from the C-H deformation and Amide III of proteins in the extracted sweat43. The finite element analysis (FEA) was performed to show the electromagnetic field distribution of the Ag nanomushroom arrays. Mater. We thank Prof. Jinping Li and Mr. Rui Li at the Lanzhou University of Technology for their help. The error bars represent standard deviations from three different samples. 6, 13481354 (2020). reported a pressure sensor based on a wrinkled PPy film/rose petal-shaped PDMS with a multiscale structure (millimeter/micrometer/nanometer) [76]. Mater. Nano Res. proposed a piezocapacitive pressure sensor with a magnetically induced microneedle structure (Fig. ACS Mater. Sun, H. Liu, R. Bao, R. Yu et al., Skin-inspired highly stretchable and conformable matrix networks for multifunctional sensing. Hwang, J.-Y., Myung, S.-T. & Sun, Y.-K. 8e-f). The specific capacity of a K-PPB full cell was calculated based on the mass of K0.220Fe[Fe(CN)6]0.805 in the cathode. As shown in Fig. An integrated solar-driven system produces electricity with fresh water and crops in arid regions. J. d Wrinkle structures [103]. Kim, H. Kim, J.J. Park, I. Ha et al., Transparent soft actuators/sensors and camouflage skins for imperceptible soft robotics. 3D printing uses a layering method to fabricate complex structures by layer-by-layer deposition without using templates [255,256,257,258,259]. Overall, these results demonstrate that our microfluidic SERS was able to noninvasively obtain physiological metabolite information, which can be an alternative strategy for clinical diagnostics. reported a piezoresistive sensor based on UV polymerization-induced patterning of a micro-rib supramolecular hydrogel [117].

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