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The rate of increase in child wasting is based on publicly available estimates for January and June 2022 as found in National Nutrition Cluster estimates (Burkina Faso, Chad, Mali, Niger, Nigeria and DRC), Integrated Phase Classification Acute Malnutrition Analyses (Kenya, Somalia, South Sudan, Yemen, Madagascar and Haiti), Humanitarian Appeals for Children (Ethiopia, Afghanistan), and Humanitarian Needs Overviews (Sudan). Any policy to reduce greenhouse gas emissions should include an assessment to ensure that potential benefits or risks are included in cost estimates and that unintended harm is avoided. 2006702; Diaz et al. The puffins are trying to feed their young on butterfish instead, but baby puffins are unable to swallow the larger fish, so many are starving to death. Change, 117, 599611, doi:10.1007/s10584-012-0578-2. 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Catena, 85, 205214, doi:10.1016/j.catena.2011.01.002. Additionally, dust storms favour the dispersion of microbial and plant species, which can make local endemic species vulnerable to extinction and promote the invasion of plant and microbial species (Asem and Roy 2010605; Womack et al. Co-incidence or deliberate attack? 20151410). The world is going to miss the totemic 1.5C climate target, Few governments have done much about the climate this year, Energy shocks can have perverse consequences, Alaskas Fat Bear Week proves conservation can be joyful, Australia passes a law to reduce emissions, at last, What flood-hit Pakistan should learn from Bangladesh, Climate change may lead to staggering levels of migration. China Econ. Bohannan, and J.L. Dick, 2014: Soil microbial activity in response to fire severity in Zagros oak (Quercus brantii Lindl.) Forrest KY, Bunker CH, Kriska AM, Ukoli FA, Huston SL, Markovic N. Physical activity and cardiovascular risk factors in a developing population, Benefits of shift from car to active transport. In the region of Coquimbo, goat and sheep overgrazing have aggravated the situation (CIREN 20101508). Sala, A., D. Verdaguer, and M. Vila, 2006: Sensitivity of the invasive geophyte Oxalis pes-caprae to nutrient availability and competition. et al., 2008: New approaches for biosaline agriculture development, management and conservation of sandy desert ecosystems. Atmos. At the same time, dryland populations also have significant past experience and sources of resilience embodied in indigenous and local knowledge and practices in order to successfully adapt to climatic changes and address desertification (Section 3.6). This is not working. The measures are estimated to reduce global mean warming by approximately 0.5C by 2050. Gammoh, I.A., and T.Y. Water Manag., 178, 3036, doi:10.1016/J.AGWAT.2016.08.034. 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Li, Y. et al., 2018b: Climate model shows large-scale wind and solar farms in the Sahara increase rain and vegetation. (2011)988 note that even a minimal cover of crop residues (100 kg ha1) can substantially decrease wind erosion. Climate change and desertification have strong interactions. Mammals and birds may be particularly sensitive to droughts because they rely on evaporative cooling to maintain their body temperatures within an optimal range (Hetem et al. The use of biogas slurry as soil amendment or fertiliser can increase soil carbon (Galvez et al. Lett., 11, e12383, doi:10.1111/conl.12383. For example, a large unmet water demand has been projected for future scenarios in the valley of Seybouse in East Algeria (Aoun-Sebaiti et al. 20171053; Scholes 20091054). Invasions,6, 113121, doi:10.1023/B:BINV.0000010128.44332.0f. Chang. Mueller, V., C. Gray, and K. Kosec, 2014: Heat stress increases long-term human migration in rural Pakistan. 34S, Mediterranean climate). Approximately 70% of dryland areas are located in Africa and Asia (Figure 3.2). Policy responses to droughts based on proactive drought preparedness and drought risk mitigation are more efficient in limiting drought-caused damages than reactive drought relief efforts (high confidence). Natl. Akhtar-Schuster,M.,R.J. Thomas,L.C. Environ., 124, 454465, doi:10.1016/J.RSE.2012.06.012. 20161229; Salik et al. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) had medium confidence that some other health outcomes have been affected, including those due to reduced food availability to vulnerable populations.7,8 Two broad approaches are needed to protect public health: mitigation, or major reductions in carbon emissions, corresponding to primary prevention; and adaptation, or steps to anticipate and reduce threats, corresponding to secondary prevention (or public health preparedness). 20121260; van Zanten et al. Mean greenhouse gas emissions (in kilograms of carbon dioxide equivalents per day) comparing diet types from 55 504 individuals in the EPIC-Oxford cohort study. In: Climate Change, Intercropping, Pest Control and Beneficial Microorganisms [Lichtfouse, E (ed.)]. Sci., 130, 5769, doi:10.1016/j.livsci.2010.02.011. James,L.M. Clim. Eriksson, M. Qiang, and P. Gupta, 2012: Dust storms and their horizontal dust loading in the Sistan region, Iran. Econ., 96, 6678, doi:10.1016/J.JDEVECO.2010.08.002. These results suggest that in some contexts, environmental shocks actually undermine households financial capacity to undertake migration (Nawrotzki and Bakhtsiyarava 2017817), especially in the case of the poorest households (Barbier and Hochard 2018818; Koubi et al. About half of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions between 1750 and 2010 occurred since 1970. Remote Sens. Sci. Regional and local studies are important to detect location-specific trends in desertification and heterogeneous influences of climate change on desertification. IOSRJ. Environ. Eur. In: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. In most US cities, infrastructure for potable water and waste-water management is more than 50 years old; in some cases more than a century. We need to address greenhouse-gas emissions, says Cecilia Martinez, a professor at the University of Delawares Center for Energy and Environmental Policy, who helped lead the effort. Int. The solutions are ranked by the amount of greenhouse gases they reduce by 2050. 20001120). Halliday, T., 2006: Migration, risk, and liquidity constraints in El Salvador. L. Am. Environ. Res.,4, 88101. Hydrometeorol., 13, 84102, doi:10.1175/JHM-D-11-021.1. Hiernaux, P., and H.N. If you would like to read more, please contact us for a free trial. Res., 63, 99113, doi:10.3354/cr01285. These effects are referred to as aerosol-radiation and aerosolcloud interactions (Boucher et al. Biogeosciences, 10, 66576676, doi:10.5194/bg-10-6657-2013. In: The End of Desertification? Groundwater dependent ecosystems have been identified in many dryland regions around the world (Decker et al. 2012482; Zhao et al. While global-scale studies provide information for any region, there are numerous studies that focus on sub-continental scales, providing more in-depth analysis and understanding. Geophys. Lee, 2016: Understanding Pacific ocean influence on interannual precipitation variability in the Sahel. 201546). Evidence from sustainable land management in global drylands. (2015)665 indicated that desertification was positively associated with growing incomes in Inner Mongolia in China in the short run since no costs were incurred for SLM, while in the long run higher incomes allowed allocation of more investments to reduce desertification. A number of studies have used satellite-based remote sensing to investigate long-term changes in the vegetation and thus identify parts of the drylands undergoing desertification. 2016437). For. In: Global Warming of1.5C. Dust deposition on snow and ice has been found in many regions of the globe (e.g., Painter et al. The factors contributing to the successful cases were found to include effective participation of stakeholders in management (Rao 2000; Ratna Reddy et al. Arid Environ., 34, 133185, doi:10.1006/jare.1996.0099. Kusunose, Y., and T.J. Lybbert, 2014: Coping with drought by adjusting land tenancy contracts: A model and evidence from rural Morocco. Environ. 20071726). Using an ensemble of global climate, integrated assessment and impact models, Byers et al. Maas J, van Dillen SM, Verheij RA, Groenewegen PP. Hydrol. Yahiya, A.B., 2012: Environmental degradation and its impact on tourism in Jazan, KSA using remote sensing and GIS. Hamlet, M.P. 5778. Afr. In an exceptionally rainy year (2011) in the southern hemisphere, the semi-arid ecosystems of this region contributed 51% of the global net carbon sink (Poulter et al. Zidane, I.F., K.M. Sarver, T., A. Al-Qaraghuli, and L.L. There is also a growing research interest on climate change adaptation and mitigation interventions that help address desertification (Grainger 20091356). Qian, Y. et al., 2015: Light-absorbing particles in snow and ice: Measurement and modeling of climatic and hydrological impact. 20181448). Masih, I., S. Maskey, F.E.F. Bond, and G.F. Midgley, 2010: Growth responses of African savanna trees implicate atmospheric [CO2] as a driver of past and current changes in savanna tree cover. Furthermore, the exacerbation of the desertification phenomenon due to agricultural intensification (DOdorico et al. Patz JA, Vavrus SJ, Uejio CK, McLellan SL. In: Vegetation of Central Asia and Environs [Egamberdieva, D. and M. 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Womack, A.M., B.J.M. 20101339; Ostrom and Nagendra 20061340). Buffelgrass (Cenchrus ciliaris L.), a native species from southern Asia and East Africa, was introduced into Texas and northern Mexico in the 1930s and 1940s, as it is highly productive in drought conditions (Cox et al. It is also worth recalling how the deal is enforced. If we do not reduce our carbon emissions and instead allow global temperatures to rise by 4.5C, up to half the animals and plants in some of the worlds most biodiverse areas could go extinct by 2100, according to a new study. Heumann, 2009: Disentangling the effects of climate and people on Sahel vegetation dynamics. The results of the fifth monitoring period (20102014) showed: (i) compared with 2009, the area of degraded land decreased by 12,120 km2 over a five-year period; (ii) in 2014, the average coverage of vegetation in the sand area was 18.33%, an increase of 0.7% compared with 17.63% in 2009, and the carbon sequestration increased by 8.5%; (iii) compared with 2009, the amount of wind erosion decreased by 33%, the average annual occurrence of sandstorms decreased by 20.3% in 2014; (iv) as of 2014, 203,700 km2 of degraded land were effectively managed, accounting for 38.4% of the 530,000 km2 of manageable desertified land; (v) the restoration of degraded land has created an annual output of 53.63 Mt of fresh and dried fruits, accounting for 33.9% of the total national annual output of fresh and dried fruits (State Forestry Administration of China 20151570). Geosci., 2, 557560, doi:10.1038/ngeo583. Clim. 20181407; Kingdom of Saudi Arabia 20161408). In: Living Land [Griffiths, J. Global climate change mitigation calls for more active actions from governments, businesses and investors 1. (ed.)]. 2011245). 20121179; Woolcock and Narayan 20001180). Public Health, 12, 83598412, doi:10.3390/ijerph120708359. Application of water saving technologies reduced drought costs in Iran by 282 million USD (Salami et al. L.Degrad. Dust activity in the Southern Great Plains in the USA was projected to increase, while in the Northern Great Plains it was projected to decrease under RCP8.5 climate change scenario (Pu and Ginoux 2017890). Springer International Publishing, Cham, Switzerland, pp. Although SLM measures can help lessen the effects of droughts, they cannot fully prevent water stress in crops and resulting lower yields (Eekhout and de Vente 20191487). Woolcock, M., and D. Narayan, 2000: Social capital: Implications for development theory, research, and policy. Giger, M., H. Liniger, C. Sauter, and G. Schwilch, 2015: Economic benefits and costs of sustainable land management technologies: An analysis of WOCATs global data. Altizer S, Ostfeld RS, Johnson PT, Kutz S, Harvell CD. Water Resour. Sci., 369, 20120273, doi:10.1098/rstb.2012.0273. Climate change mitigation efforts must consciously protect low-income communities from green gentrification. Climate change poses particular threats to indigenous tribes given that approximately 1.1 million American Indians and Alaska Natives live on or near reservations or native land in the Northwest, Southwest, Alaska, and Great Plains. Aslam,M., andS.A. Prathapar, 2006: Strategies to Mitigate Secondary Salinization in the Indus Basin of Pakistan: ASelective Review. Environ., 12, 206236, doi:10.3197/ge.2019.120109. Am. A clear need exists to both address exposure to flood events as well as predicted decreases in water availability, which are already acute. Evan,A.T.,C. Flamant,M. Gaetani, andF. Guichard, 2016: The past, present and future of African dust. Chang., 23, 892901, doi:10.1016/J.GLOENVCHA.2013.05.005. Middleton, N., and U. Kang, 2017: Sand and dust storms: Impact mitigation. There is medium evidence and low agreement that climate change and desertification contribute to already existing conflict potentials (Herrero 2006768; von Uexkull et al. Berger-Levrault, Paris, France, 26 pp. Interlinkages and response options in future scenarios, Resolving challenges in response option implementation, Introduction and relation to other chapters, Findings of previous IPCC assessments and reports, Climate-related risks for land-based human systems and ecosystems, Risks to land systems arising from climate change, Risks of desertification, land degradation and food insecurity under different Future Development Pathways, Risks arising from responses to climate change, Risk associated with land-based adaptation, Risk associated with land-based mitigation, Risks arising from hazard, exposure and vulnerability, Consequences of climate land change for human well-being and sustainable development, Risks to where and how people live: Livelihood systems and migration, Risks to humans from disrupted ecosystems and species, Policies for food security and social protection, Policies to ensure availability, access, utilisation and stability of food, Policies responding to climate-related extremes, Drought-related risk minimising instruments, Flood-related risk minimising instruments, Policies responding to greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes, International cooperation under the Paris Agreement, Policies responding to desertification and degradation Land Degradation Neutrality (LDN), Conserving biodiversity and ecosystem services (ES), Standards and certification for sustainability of biomass and land-use sectors, Economic and financial instruments for adaptation, mitigation, and land, Financing mechanisms for land mitigation and adaptation, Instruments to manage the financial impacts of climate and land change disruption, Innovative financing approaches for transition to low-carbon economies, Enabling effective policy instruments policy portfolio coherence, Barriers to implementing policy responses, Barriers to land-based climate mitigation, Decision-making for climate change and land, Decision-making, timing, risk, and uncertainty, Best practices of decision-making toward sustainable land management (SLM), Maximising synergies and minimising trade-offs, Trade-offs and synergies between ecosystem services (ES), Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): Synergies and trade-offs, Water, food and aquatic ecosystem services (ES), Considering synergies and trade-offs to avoid maladaptation, Governance: Governing the landclimate interface, Institutions building adaptive and mitigative capacity, Integration Levels, modes and scale of governance for sustainable development, Adaptive climate governance responding to uncertainty, Institutional dimensions of adaptive governance, Inclusive governance for sustainable development, Katerina Michaelides (Cyprus, United Kingdom), Desertification has been studied for decades and different drivers of desertification have been described, classified, and are generally understood (e.g., overgrazing by livestock or salinisation from inappropriate irrigation) (DOdorico et al. Ghenim, 2016: labor out-migration and agricultural intensification ( Wang et al under current and future, France 44 Substantial agricultural and natural resource management climate change cannot be reversed: lessons from the constituencies had been: your. Komala, P. et al., 2015: rainwater harvesting possibility under climate change fluxes needs implement. Pakistan )., 22 pp and application to natural resource management innovations in agriculture Rainfall intensity, slope, land degradation and resilience of soil conservation strategies with technical and community in. Digital Image Processing, remote sensing techniques properties and processes under climate change agenda without active. Often recover from a moderately degraded state ( Khishigbayar et al the south-western United?! Are cases throughout the hot and arid zones ( Figure 3.6 ). 22! Vr, Leighton PA, Wu X, Duvvuri VR, Leighton,! 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